Film Inception Analysis

So, the long awaited film ‘Inception', written and direction by Christopher Nolan, in which Leonardo DiCaprio stars, was finally released. And after weeks of procrastination, I finally sat down and watched it. I had heard from my friends that it was an enthralling movie, with a great plot and truly magnificent acting, but of course I had to decide for myself. The film starts with a memory, or a vision from the future, no one is quite sure. We are then quickly taken back to a time before that memory, and the characters are introduced. We first meet Dom Cobb, a slightly unstable and troubled, but undoubtedly clever, ‘dream thief.' His job, unsurprisingly, involves infiltrating the minds of people and stealing their dreams, to gain an idea of their thoughts and motives. Now at first he seems to be a rather normal man, which a rather abnormal job. However, we are soon introduced to his many flaws and weaknesses. For instance, he often warns his colleagues to never use personal feelings when in a dream, but he constantly takes around the guilt he carries. He feels guilty because his wife committed suicide, and he blames himself. He was trying to extend the idea of mere dream entering, and begin a world changing concept, inception. This means that they would have to plant an idea in someone's mind so that it grows into a feeling and they act upon this feeling, scary stuff really. He did this to his wife successfully, but he made her believe that she was in a dream however she was in reality. We are told that the only way to be released from a dream is to die in the dream, and so she kills herself to return to her ‘reality.' Dom Cobb blames himself for this and so, whenever he enters a dream, she follows him around, attempting to sabotage the whole operation. We are then acquainted with Arthur, Eames, Mr. Saito and Ariadne, and these are all accomplices of the main man. Arthur and Eames are his assistants they support him by acting as his friends or enemies inside the dream. The plot is, to say the least, baffling. Dom Cobb and his buddies decide to enter the mind of one Robert Fischer, to stop him from taking over his father's company and becoming a multimillionaire and providing energy to half the world. Mr. Saito is the man who gives them the job of planting an idea inside Robert Fischer's mind, and so he insists on going into the dream with them. They then go through different levels or phases of dreams, such as level 1, 2 and 3. Level 1 is merely a dream. Level 2 is a dream within a dream, which is confusing, and then Level 3, which is a dream within a dream within a dream, and by this point I was truly bewildered. Although the plot is extremely confusing, it is very well written. The acting is phenomenal, with a special mention going to Leonardo DiCaprio, whose performance was exceptional. It had been said that this film was one which had to be watched twice to gain the full experience and understanding of the plot, and I agree with this wholeheartedly, although it did leave me scratching my head even after the second viewing. The choice of music is also quite good and I was usually left thinking to myself that that song summed up the scene perfectly. The same has to be said with the costumes, they were generally well chosen. The suits were all immaculate, and the snow suits were also quite a nice touch. My favourite scene was definitely the one which confused me the most. The final scene is set in Leonardo DiCaprio's house. He returns, thinking that the children will run away like they normally do, but instead they run towards him. He takes a small object with him, like every other dream thief, to distinguish between dreams and reality. Dom Cobb takes a spinning top, which spins forever when he is in a dream. The viewer thinks he is in a dream, as his children are running back to him, but the spinning top ceases to spin. This, I think, is the scene that confuses many people and it is the reason that many people have to return to see it once more. I hope that ‘Inception' signifies the beginning of a new wave of futuristic films, and if it has paved the way for other similar films to arrive, then I will be glad. This film is definitely worth watching, and I would highly recommend it. While the film is slightly unrealistic in the way that they jovially jump from dream to dream, it is most certainly a film that will stick in my mind for a long time.

Profiteering By Nonprofit Organizations Essay

Buckhoff and Parham provide documented information toward the fiscal misconduct of employees and volunteers within nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Citations include legal case results from several prominent NPOs, including Goodwill Industries and the Carnegie Institute. The research offers reasoning that corruption by an NPO may well be due to the isolated unethical behavior of key individuals. Buckhoff and Parham review how the a few individuals affect public perception of the organization as a whole even when no unethical activities by the NPO as an organization are legally founded. The research offered is critical to this paper as it introduces corruption as an existing act within an NPO, but not necessarily by an NPO. Hanson, J. (2008). Culture, change, and cascading damage at a United Way. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 20(1), 119. John Hanson, PhD, is the Director of Development, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Foundation. Hanson has published over 60 papers focused upon third world interactions with nonprofit organizations, governmental interaction, and social standings of the Muslim faith. Hanson gives credence to social sector concerns when nonprofit organizations aligned with political ideals, opposed by the general public sector, continue to elicit civil sector funding not equitably distributed across stated mission programs. Hanson cites direct relationships between economic greed by non-profit executives through obscure programs and associated political agendas. The research introduces the term â€Å"Social Contract† (pp. 123-4) as Hanson provides empirical evidence towards ethical misconduct and potential profiteering. The research provided in this paper offers significant support toward exploring social expectations and ethical challenges when defining profiteering by nonprofit organizations. Kelman, S. (2007). Public Administration and Organization Studies. Academy Of Management Annals, 1. 225-267. Steven Kelman, PhD, is a Director of Governmental Studies at John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Kelman has published over 64 papers and books related to the subject of organizational studies, nonprofit management, and governmental influence. This paper focuses upon academic interests toward the progressive transformation of nonprofit entities as an isomorphic structure bridging private and civil sector service organizations. Kelman focuses upon an increasing manifestation of financial greed and managerial corruption fostered by a declining interest in nonprofit studies by senior academic bodies. The article provides evidence toward the shift between methodological and empirical research necessary to capture and report the differences between economic output and social outcomes to which governmental and non-profit organizations are accountable. This research presented is critical to the individual study of profiteering as it provides a compilation of historical case analysis within the (un)ethical behavior of nonprofit organizations. Levi, M. (2006). The media construction of financial white-collar crimes. British Journal of Criminology, 46(6), 1037-1057. doi:10. 1093/bjc/az1079 Michael Levi, PhD, is a retired British Magistrate and professor of law. Levi’s research focuses primarily upon how social media build and often accelerate public concern over white-collar crimes. The critical cases assessed by Levi review for-profit activities with only a cursory review over nonprofit organizations. However, the study offers that with both for-profit and nonprofit activities, media sensationalism produces an undue criticism upon financial misconduct. The information gained from this study, supports the necessary assessment and comparison of financial misconduct by nonprofit activities and that of a limited number of individuals during brief moments of the organization’s existence.  Nahan, M. & D’Cruz, D. (2004). NGOs undermining democracy. Review – Institute of Public Affairs, 56(4), 7-9. Nahan and D’Cruz share a combined success of publishing over 160 studies and texts focused upon the relationship between U. S. non-profit organizations (non-governmental organizations) and a global NPO marketplace. Researching non-profit impact upon political corruption Nahan et al, observe a tendency for corrupt government offices to cast doubt upon supporting NPO programs both within the U. S. and abroad. A social-political review of the Newmont Mining Company and Indonesian governmental activities within its mining industry is provided as designated NGOs supporting activities between major entities as a public sector watchdog demonstrate broad-spectrum signs of corrupt activities. This paper supports a relationship between non-profit activities and political corruption. Rashid, S. (2006). Watchman, who watches thee? Donors and corruption in less-developed countries. Independent Review, 10(3), 411. Rashid provides a critical study over financial misconduct by public sector and third sector organizations. Over the past decades, several nations working with the United Nations have supported the development of â€Å"Watchdog† organizations. These are public charities or other designated NPOs given the task to monitor mission and fiscal related national and international activities of other public and nonprofit organizations. Rashid offers that unethical activities are not only conducted by NPO/NGO activities, but also by donors of such activities in the reporting and distribution of materials, goods, and funding. Observing NPO activities in third world nations, Rashid finds that watchdog organizations become compromised as donors assert both political and public influence. The study provides critical insight leading to question methods of monitoring, reporting, and correcting fraudulent financial activities by NPOs. Shughart, I. F. (2011). Disaster relief as bad public policy. Independent Review, 15(4), 519-539. Shughart summarizes the governmental and social response toward fiscal distribution and political reliance upon nonprofit organizations supporting post hurricane Katrina recovery. Shughart researches the negative results of relying upon organizations of good will when awarding liberal grants with limited means of accountability or oversight. A relevant correlation is formed, demonstrating the relationship between federally funded nonprofit emergency relieve activities and slack political controls. Seminal works by disaster scholars and government reports investigating post hurricane Katrina cited arguments regarding â€Å"fiscal nepotism by executives† and the path leading to long-term social sector harm. The research supports concerns of nonprofit fiscal misconduct through publically documented federal research into Hurricane Katrina activities. Tarlson, N. G. (2008). Donor-advised funds: Preparing for closer scrutiny. Journal of Accounting, 205(1), 28-31. Nick Tarlson is a CPA and owner of Tarlson & Associates of San Francisco. Tarlson also acts as an adjunct faculty member of graduate programs in accounting, finance, and taxation at Golden Gate University. In this publication, Tarlson summarizes congressional interests in adjusting the regulatory policies governing donor-advised funds (DAF). The interest and proposed guidance is that DAF become a standardization applied to many charitable activities with strict policies and punitive actions when disregarding the desired distribution of funds. Incentives are offered to both donor and charity for supporting these new policies which offer the research into NPO fiscal corruption a potential alternative and corrective action in resolution to the growing dilemma of fiscal fraud. Tilley, C. (2010). Rally to our standards. Financial Management (14719185), 50. Charles Tilley, PhD, is the CEO of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. He has published or edited over 100 scholarly papers and books. Governments from around the world have coalesced to establish anti-corruption agencies that operate with, yet outside of local and federal government prevue from any nation. Tilley reviews the concerns of fiscal management by NPOs from the perspective of professional accountants. A concern introduced by Tilley and pursued by the research of this paper, is the influence political decisions have upon the funding of public charities by governmental offices. This article provides an international private sector review of shared concerns by civil and public sector agents seeking to understand the cause and control mechanisms of increased fiscal mismanagement by nonprofit executives. Tuckman, H. P. , & Chang, C. E. (1998). How pervasive are abuses in fundraising among nonprofits. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 9(2), 211. Howard Tuckman, PhD, is a professor of economics and dean of the College of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University. Cyril Chang, PhD, is a professor of economics at the Fogel College of Business and Economics, University of Memphis. The research and publication of this paper reflect a study of fundraising abuses in 1988. The report is inherently dated and subsequently insubstantial toward validating current practices. However, the research identifies a subjective concern towards fraudulent activities that is subsequently negated, or at least minimized, following a qualitative scientific study. While current articles, studies, books, and published papers identify a continued concern toward NPO fundraising and distribution of funds received, the work of Tuckman and Chang present a need for continued qualitative research. It is imperative that the reasoning and outcome of this paper or similar research be included into any effort to expose unethical conduct of fiscal activities by NPOs. Werker, E. , & Ahmed, F. (2008). What do nongovernmental organizations do? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 73-92. Werker and Ahmed summarize accountability over the past decade of government activities outsourced to nonprofit activities. Executed as a means to reduce government costs of operations, there is an increased number of programs redistributed from the civil sector agencies to nonprofit entities assigned to supersede traditional government activities. This paper identifies how non-profit organizations miraculously appear with no past performance or history only to receive committed funding, often in excess of the originally expenditure to manage civil sector programs. The information presented within this paper offers supporting information toward nonprofit organizations and issues of political corruption.

Psychosexual theory Essay

Sigmund Freud was born 1856 in Moravian town of Freiburg, and was the oldest of 8 children. Freud was a bright child who had planned to study law, instead attending the medical faculty at University of Vienna. He went on to study and find a cure for troubled adults, where the patient talked through their problems of childhood. The goal of this was to realise emotions that had been trapped in the unconscious mind of the adult. Freud believed that sexual life and early childhood development was a factor in troubled adults in adulthood. This research leads to Freud’s psychosexual theory. ( Thurschwell, 2000). Freud composed the concept that there are three parts that make up personality in the brain. These three parts of personality are Id, Ego and super ego. The Id is the largest portion of the mind and is the only part of personality that is present from birth. ( Berk, 2009). The function of the Id is to satisfy the basic wants and needs. Example, eating, sleeping, drinking. This component is essential in infants to ensure their needs and wants are met. A baby will continuously cry until the demands of the Id are met. However the wants and demands of the Id are not realistic or needed, this is where the Ego takes force. The Ego develops in early infancy and its job is to control and satisfy the Ids impulses so they are realistic in the real world. Between the ages of 3-6 years, the Superego develops. The superego holds what’s right and wrong in, morals and rules that have been learnt from parents and society. To have a good personality structure one most have a good balance between the Id, ego and superego. Id, ego and superego become integrated into Freud’s theory of psychosexual theory. (Louw, 2002). Freud constructed his theory called â€Å"Psychosexual theory, which emphasizes that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.† ( Berk, 2009, pg. 16). Psychosexual theory consisted of 5 stages of development. Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Oral stage occurs between birth- 1 year in this stage the focus is on the mouth and sucking activities. If the oral needs for sucking are not meet in this stage it could lead to later problems in life, such as thumb sucking, smoking and over eating. Anal stage 1-3 years, toilet training takes place between parent and child. This stage is where children first have an encounter with rules. If to many or to few demands in this stage are made it could lead to orderliness, messiness and disorders in later life. Phallic stage 3- 6 years, focus moves to the genital area. Children start to have desires for the opposite sex parent and move away from the same sex parent. Children then have to learn to suppress these feelings and adopt the same sex parent’s characteristics. If these feelings are not suppressed it could lead to confusion of sexual identity. The superego kicks in, in the phallic stage. Latiency 6-11 years, Children’s sexual instincts aren’t so strong and lean to playing and interacting with same sex. Superego has developed more, morals and social rules are learnt from parents and society. Last stage of development is the Genital stage, which occurs in adolescence, puberty starts to occur and sexual impulses appear again. If a child has developed properly through previous stages it will lead to, marriage, sex and birth. (Louw, 2002). Freud’s psychosexual theory was one of the first theories to research into the relationship between parent and child in early years. Eventually more researchers researched into Freud’s theory, discovering that all Freud’s research was not accurate. Freud’s work has been criticized for, not taking other cultures into consideration, not studying children directly and over use of sexual feelings in development. Like Piagets theory it is hard to use their ideas in learning and development today in New Zealand, as there is a lot of criticism around their work. Research into child development has expanded over the years and information is more accurate and useful. ( Newman & Newman, 2007). Freud and Piaget influenced future theorists into more in-depth research in child development. Both Freud and Piaget used the idea of children’s development being discontinuous and in stages. Piaget focused on sexual drive in young children, Piaget focused on children develop as they adapt to their environment. Both theorists have had criticism surrounded their work which makes it hard to relate their theory’s to learning and development in New Zealand today. (Berk, 2009). Reference List Berk, L. (2009). Child development ( 8th ed). United States, Pearsons Publishing.  Dennis, C., & Mitterer, O.J. (2006) Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behaviour. United States, Wadsworth Publishing:  http://www.sparknotes.com

St. Vincent's Concept Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

St. Vincent's Concept Statement - Essay Example With this basic knowledge in mind it should be understood that there are various pieces or writings that may be used to illustrate and demonstrate the concepts and principles that will be applied in the development of a proposed piece of construction. In this respect the meaning of the term ‘design’. In this case the term is used to mean also the visual impact which the particular project will have on its surrounding. In this case it is important to recognize the fact that there are a lot of issues that come into play when looking at the whole aspect of architecture. In this case it is important to examine every detail that is of essence. In this particular case it should be in relation to the area of St. Vincent’s. Development of The Plan of Action Before embarking on this particular project it will be of great importance to develop a plan of action. It is this plan of action that will govern all the undertakings henceforth and may play a significant role in dete rmining whether the entire project will actually be a success or a failure in the longrun. Before embarking on the plan of action it will be important to first get a brief understanding of the region in question. (Robert & Greed, 2001) St. Vincent’s in this case is one of the quarters of Sheffield. The region has a superb landscape and topography. Most of the developments that are realized in the town in relation to the buildings among others are greatly influenced by the Irish and Catholic communities which to be dominant in the region. Importance of the Plan of Action in St. Vincent’ The first major importance of the plan of action is that it will lead to the securing of business sites which will go a long way in ensuring the economic sustainability of this particular region. At the same time the Plan of Action will provide a clear guideline that will be used to the benefit of the region and this will be in line with the present demands when it come to restructuring for the purpose of development. The plan will also aid in the establishment of environmental projects and space for the public which will eventually lead to the regeneration of the area hence prove to be a driving force for change. The plan is also aimed at designing a good strategy that will be implemented with the intention of curbing certain phenomena such as insecurity, public safety, parking space among various others. On the other hand the action plan will serve to create a balanced mix of residents occupying the area. Again the plan will also serve to protect the area’s heritage and historic culture. This will especially be achieved through the use of conservation areas. The above stated points are used to bring to light some of the importance that is attached with the plan of action in relation to the St. Vincent’s area. It should be noted that the plan of action is not just a document that will serve the role of promotion but will at the same time will be used as an instrument that will serve to bring economic development of the stated region. The investment in the area is also something that will be focused on. With this intention the council of St. Vincent’s seeks to pool together resources that will bring about local community building and improve on private investment in the area. These will constitute the following proposed developments in the area: 1. Improvements on the entry points and routes in and out of the area 2. The inception and support of forums and debates where representatives of the local groups and in this case the businessmen, the farmers, the landlords and also the various citizens of the region can be represented. The purpose of these forums is to act as the channels through which the

Grid Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Grid Computing - Essay Example Grid computing increases the throughput of a networked system. Various heterogeneous but networked resources across administrative boundaries can be modeled in to virtual computer architecture for resource sharing. The concept of grid computing is to solve complex computational problems that can not be solved by the limited resources of a single computer or group of computers within an organization. It is apparent from the above figure that networking technologies are more rapidly than the microprocessor technology. There is always a large chunk of processing power that remains underutilized in many computer clusters. Advancement in networking technology can logically be used to club all these underutilized resource thus solving the crunch of processing power in some computing clusters and considerably reducing the processing cost. Software complexity has been rapidly increasing in last four decades and it has reached to such a level that it became difficult to deal with. With this, need of swiftness in response to business requirement is also increasing. IT industry has been through various computing architectures of distributed processing for better resource utilization. This led to the evolution of various programming languages running on different platforms and a number of networking products. However, full resource integration is still very complex due to multiple development platforms. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is now considered as next big leap in computational architecture which may help IT industry to meet complex future needs. The concept of SOA has been in development since a long time. Ever since its inception it has been bogged down due to various problems of integrating different available object models and development of a robust architecture for simple, fast and secure integration of various development platforms. Defining SOA An SOA application is a composition of various distributed services performing some well defined tasks. A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a specific type of distributed system in which the agents are "software services" that perform some well-defined operation (i.e., it provides a service), and this type of architecture can be invoked outside of the context of a larger application. IBM also defines SOA as

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article review - Essay Example Apparently, however, words are what have constantly maintained the remarkable philosophies of conservatives and liberals alike, not their translation into real action. On restating the position of Prof. Tony Judt, T. Sowell observes that agreement with ‘leaving individuals the maximum space with which to live and flourish as desired’ is in keeping with the common idealistic knowledge about liberalism. Originally, the latter pertains to the principle of signifying the right to freedom and equality and most liberals advocate views that are key concepts to facilitate understanding of liberal democracy, constitutionalism, human rights, and fair elections among the relevant fundamental ideas, Justice O.W. Holmes, nonetheless, occurs to have vividly expressed contradiction according to the prevailing truth that natural perception or instinct cannot deny as it takes place. For him, things must be thought of, not words, as if to imply that liberals ought to cease dwelling in the tradition of intellectual endeavor which rather maintains beliefs within abstract realms yet lacks the capacity to exhibit such complex thinking through an actualized form.

Comparative Law ( Global Legal Realism as common sense) Essay

Comparative Law ( Global Legal Realism as common sense) - Essay Example eign case studies are generally cited in the local legal discourses within the United Kingdom and Nigeria, despite the existence of home-grown moral realism foundations reflecting the richness of the history of each country. The import of international bodies of law and provisions in both countries is normally regulated by realist and positivist influences. This paper will examine comparative legal culture, the role of realism and positivism in Nigerian and English legal systems. Watt (2006) argued that if comparative researches on law were basically aimed at upholding their consistency in teaching the effect of global developments on the already available local cultures; how they interweave and merge; and their persistence, then the focus of interacting systems should be modified in order to guarantee a higher level of consistency. The researcher seeks to assess the manner in which international comparative law as a faculty is impacted by the influences of globalization, especially the problems which such alterations portend for the procedural interests in comparative legal research and its philosophical commitments in realist and positivism. According to Watt (2006), the English legal culture is more dynamic and thus positivist as compared to the Nigerian realism. As such, the English culture’s predilection of acquiescing to trans-national or international frameworks of uniform law within the EU and intercontinental Treaties is based on empirical pr oofs that being more liberal and having in place similar laws would deliver equally acceptable laws. While Nigerian system is more realist and largely driven by religion and traditionalism, the English system is backed by authoritative knowledge obtained from scholarship, impacts of globalization and to a small extent, indigenous legal cultures. Nigerian positivist legal cultural influences are largely similar to those of the United Kingdom, most probably because the latter colonized the former and made a

History of Internal Combustion Engine Literature review

History of Internal Combustion Engine - Literature review Example Resonance intake manifold The structure of the internal combustion engine requires a particular length of the manifold. The ability and the efficiency of an internal combustion engine will be determined by the size of the manifold. Short manifolds reduce the performance of the engine. Consequently, manufacturers have developed a system that allows for the length of the manifold to be controlled. Because a vacuum is created when the air is forced out by the piston, the fuel in form of vapour enters and creates energy. The valve that allows the fuel in closes and adds pressure to the fuel. When the fuel mixture is accelerated oscillations are developed depending on the length of the manifold. When the length of the manifold varies, it is also possible to vary the oscillations. Variability in length of the manifold usually affects the power, the speed of the operation and efficiency in fuel use. To maximize the efficiency of this system two intakes are refashioned each of which is regul ated by a valve connected to two manifolds. A short manifold usually functions when the engine is fully loaded while the long one operates when the engine is not fully loaded. ... This spin usually assists in distributing the fuel (in form of vapor) and makes the air and fuel vapor to uniformly mix. With this mixture the process of combustion is enhanced, completed and can even to an extent prevent the engine from knocking. When few revolutions per minute are recorded the velocity of the air is enhanced, while with more revolutions increases per minute, most paths are opened thereby increasing the load. A high volume of air therefore generally leads to increase in the power of the engine3. Vacuum boost theory The difference in pressure between the inlet manifold and the outside atmosphere is referred to as manifold vacuum. Therefore it acts as a measure of the amount of the airflow which is restricted in the engine. The amount of power the engine generates has a relationship with the amount of air that enters the internal combustion engine. For engines that use diesel in the internal combustion engine, greater dependence lies on the amount of fuel that is supp lied while those using gasoline will depend on the restrictions of the airflow. Manifold vacuum is usually in all the engines that use natural fuel as source of energy. The engine’s geometry and the speed of rotation affect the input flow in the engine, because geometry cannot be adjusted while the engine has commenced to run. The input flow in the intake manifold should not be restricted as this will interfere with the power of the engine and the possibilities of the engine breaking down. When the air from the atmosphere is allowed in the engine there is possibility that the pressure will automatic increase thereby creating the vacuum. The engine is now powered. We can conclude that engines running on natural fuel such as diesel generate

Legalizing Marijuana, Pro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legalizing Marijuana, Pro - Essay Example Medical science has adopted a cautious approach while dealing with the issues related to legalization of marijuana. In other words, medical science neither completely opposes, nor it completely opposes the legalization of marijuana use in America. This is because of the fact that controlled use of marijuana may bring more benefits than harm. Patients who are suffering from chronic pain may be benefitted, if they are allowed to take marijuana in a controlled manner. This paper critically analyses all the dimensions of this controversial topic and argues in favor of legalizing of marijuana in America. Marijuana use is legal in fourteen American states at present. â€Å"The 14 states that have legalized marijuana for medicinal purposes are Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington†(Hall & Schiefelbein, p.197). It would be illogical to argue that these states legalized marijuana use without a deep study. In other words, these states might have conducted many studies before legalizing the usage of marijuana in their territories. â€Å"The cannabinoid drug THC has been approved by Food and Drug Administration for use in relieving nausea and vomiting and increasing appetite in people with cancer and AIDS. Testing of other marijuana extracts is still in the early stages† (Find support and treatment). ... A pure preparation of the major active component, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Marinol or dronabinol, is available for treating nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy and as an adjunct to weight loss in patients with wasting syndrome associated with AIDS. Although such approval currently applies only to orally administered THC, for practical purposes smoked marijuana should also be expected to be equally effective (Holister, p.5). The acceptance of marijuana among American people is growing day by day. â€Å"A recent Gallup poll found that a historic high of 46 per cent of Americans favor legalizing the drug† (Abramsky, p.18). Under such circumstances, prohibition of marijuana force people to collect marijuana from illegal sources. Collection of marijuana from illegal sources may cause huge taxes to the government. Clements et al (2010, p.20) pointed out that â€Å"taxing marijuana at the same rate as tobacco is estimated to yield additional revenue of about 24% of the pre-existing proceeds from taxation of tobacco and alcohol†. A recent study estimates that a state could collect tax revenues in the $650 million to $760 million range, if marijuana use is legalized. Moreover, law enforcement costs would decline by several hundred million dollars per year while legalizing marijuana (Abramsky, p.18). From the above findings, it is evident that legalizing of marijuana would help a government to increase tax revenue and reduce expenditure for the law enforcements. It should be noted that plenty of efforts and resources are necessary for the government to seize illegal marijuana collections and to enforce the law. Such expenditure can be avoided

How memory works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How memory works - Essay Example This is stored with the usage of three ways. First of all, the human mind changes matter into storage forms. This is done by integrating memory with known events which can be things are seen, heard or experienced. This method is referred to as encoding. The second step is storage whereby the human mind places information in the memory for storage. The final part is the ability of a human being to recall and recover the stored information in times of need that is when a person needs to utilize the memory. An interesting aspect of human memory which is unique to the human memory is that their memory functions as a multi unit. The three basic divisions include the sensory memory, the short term memory and the long term memory. The sensory memory is one which comes directly from the persons five senses. This memory is not very long lasting and stays for around 350 milliseconds. This memory does not possess ways for improvement. In 1960 an experiment was conducted by George Sperling to test this memory. According to the procedure a group of people was shown twelve letters arranged in three different rows. Different subjects were asked to repeat the different letters present in different rows. The subjects recalled what they saw but they could not remember it for a long time. The experiment suggested that the sensory memory got erased after some time and the maximum capacity of the sensory memory that a person could retain was around twelve letters. The short term memory is the next step which is reached when the events are moved from the sensory part to the area of realization and perception. This information is also short lived but the time duration of this memory is greater than that of the sensory memory. This time is around 30 seconds and this memory is used basically in short tasks. But this memory does have space for improvement by a method which is known as chunking. Chunking as the name implies means to break in to pieces. An

International Trade & Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Trade & Institutions - Essay Example Despite the massive decrease of global investment, China and the United Kingdom (UK) remained to be amongst the expected countries that would continue to deliver growth in their FDI investment (Ernst & Young, 2008). Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, a Chinese-based company is one the successful foreign companies that entered the UK market. In fact, some of the leading telecom suppliers in UK has been exceeded by Hauwei in terms of market share and revenue growth, which made the company the â€Å"crouching tiger in the UK market† (Blackman, 2010). The main purpose of this paper is to study a certain firm that is involved in FDI and developed an international business opportunity encompassing: business opportunity analysis, environmental analysis, competitive analysis, and strategic analysis. Huawei Technologies (UK) Co., Ltd. Huawei Co. Ltd. is one of the leading telecommunication suppliers since 1988 founded by Ren Zhengfei. Huawei, a private company is currently serving 45 out of 50 leading telecoms operators worldwide and has operations in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. The company offers wide range of products and services such as radio access network, application and software, network solutions, broadband services, transport network facilities, storage and network security services, professional and traditional services, and devices (MarketLine, 2010a). Hauwei is in the special field of research and development (R&D) and they are highly dependent on their overseas markets that contributed 65% of their revenue growth (Griffin, 2007). Every year, the company allocated at least 10% of their annual sale in R&D for this bestowed them a competitive advantage. Huawei also â€Å"took the no. 2 position in the global mobile network gear market in the third quarter, almost doubling its market share from a year ago and surpassing Nokia Siemens† (Virki, 2009). In the global setting, the company’s success is very cruci al considering that the competition is severe; however, they still manage to transcend other telecom providers in areas of optical network (rank 4), DSL (rank 2), next generation network (NGN) (rank 2), and switching network (rank 1) (Wu & Zhao, 2007, p.188). The international market has been attractive to Huawei considering that their domestic sales have been surpassed by their overseas sales. Currently, the company’s revenue is 149,059 million (33%) with an operating profit of 21,052 million (33%), and 21,741 (40%) for cash flow from operating activities (see figure 1). Business Opportunity Analysis A. Advantages underlying the opportunity. According to Lim Chee Siong, Huawei South-Pacific Region Chief Marketing Officer (n.d.), â€Å"We foresee broad market development opportunities in mobile and home broadband networks, fixed mobile convergence, business operation support systems, and smart devices† (cited in Huawei, 2010). The development of broadband in UK for 201 0 is a big opportunity for the company in order to expand its market share and revenue by collaborating and cooperating with UK’s fastest growing operators for broadband access. Based on the company’s SWOT analysis (see figure 2), the growing demand and adoption of broadband (mobile and home) in UK is among the new international business venture that Huawei could undertake. Aside from the

Duke Ellington Essay Example for Free

Duke Ellington Essay Duke Ellington was born on April 29, 1899 in Washington, D. C. Ellington was an influential American jazz composer, pianist, and bandleader. His popularity grew leaps and bounds after his death. The nickname ‘Duke’ was given to him by a childhood friend who admired his regal demeanour. The name caught on with audiences and he became famous for instrumental combinations, improvisation, and jazz. He started studying keyboard at the age of seven and by seventeen he had made a professional debut. His move to New York City in 1923 brought him one step closer to his worldwide success and recognition years later. Ellington and his band played for everyone from Queen Elizabeth II to President Nixon and teamed up with greats such as Miles Davis, Cab Calloway, Dizzy Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett and Louis Armstrong. His achievements include his honorary doctorate from Howard and Yale University. He was also a member of the American Institute of Arts and Letters. He was elected as the first jazz musician member of the Royal Music Academy in Stockholm and won and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in America. In addition to this, he was awarded the Legion of Honor by the French Government. He became one of the most well-known African-American celebrities of the twentieth century. While recording with record companies he also appeared in several films. Ellington also joined the Alpha Phi Alpha, the first black Greek letter fraternity. The suave and witty Ellington described his musical style as American music rather than just jazz. Some very impressive musicians served in his orchestra and remained with the organizations for many years. Although, many of them were noteworthy in their own right but it was Ellington’s creativity and musical brilliance that made them into one of the best orchestral units in the history of Jazz. Some of his major compositions include Mood Indigo, Sophisticated Lady, Satin Doll, Do Nothing Til You Hear From Me and I Let a Song Go Out Of My Heart. His music had the ability to change style, adapt and grow within each era. An example of this is The Hot Jazz of the 1920s which changed into the Swing music in the 1930s. This is one of the major reasons why the Ellington Orchestra was able to hold its own for so many years. When Jazz music became increasingly popular in America, Ellington spontaneously improvised his simple themes to more creative orchestration while uniquely combining tone quality. He innovated his music along the way by carefully attending to structure and balance within his jazz arrangements at the same time allowing for solo improvisations. He had an ability to create fresh sound by drawing instruments from different sections of the band and voicing them together as a unit. Piano players like James P. Johnson and Willie The Lion Smith influenced his incredible piano technique. He died on May, 24 1974, in New York City. Ellington will be forever remembered as an ambassador of American music and culture for his enormous contributions to American music. Jazz music could not have developed in America without Ellington’s efforts. His estimated two thousand compositions, arrangements, and collaborations continue to move people worldwide. WORKS CITED: †¢ â€Å"Duke Ellington. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Feb 2007, 21:16 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 7 Feb 2007 http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Duke_Ellingtonoldid=106404877. †¢ â€Å"Edward K. (Duke) Ellington†. G. Shimmer Inc. April 2002. http://www. schirmer. com/default. aspx? TabId=2419State_2872=2ComposerId_2872=2311 †¢ â€Å"A Centennial Tribute to Duke Ellington†. Howard University Library. 28 June 1999. http://www. founders. howard. edu/ellington/default. htm

Benefits of Personalised Geriatric Care

Benefits of Personalised Geriatric Care INTRODUCTION It is always best to provide an intervention to every issue that is seen. In relation to the common Geriatric problems, there are different approaches in the planning of care depending on the needs of every individual. Personalized care is being promoted and executed to further and better assist every individual who goes through such kinds of condition. In the planning of care for the Geriatric patients, there are two kinds of approaches. These two are the Person Centered Approach and the Non-Person Centered Approach. The Person Centered Approach focuses on the basis of individuality regardless of the persons’ cognitive status, age, race and even gender. In this approach, every elder is subject to the care they need and what is due to them. The healthcare provider in this case should thoroughly identify and gather data to ensure that proper treatment and therapeutic approaches are being executed. What I best int his approach is that, there is no standard criteria for someone with a geriatric condition to be able to fit in. This is basically open to those who need it. On the other hand, the Non-Person Centered Approach has different goals and perspective. They focus on something in general rather than the person as a whole. Their intention is to help alleviate the condition of those elders with Geriatric problems, However, their approach is not directly on the elders. Rather, it depends on the mission and vision of their agency. Aside from the different approaches in handling Geriatric problems, there are principles that Healthcare providers must observe. The importance of these principles and the impact it can create in the development of the elders with geriatric problems. In this research, techniques and abilities will also be discussed. The different kinds of techniques that can be used to benefit the elders will be elaborated. This will gain advantage on both the Healthcare provider and the elders. Considering the equality and Cultural aspects of the community, this will surely make an impact to elders with Dementia or other common Geriatric problems. Because this can create an impact on the lives of these elders, it is best to be aware of such things. TASK There are different principles involved in the person-centered approach for elders with Dementia and other common Geriatric conditions. These principles will aid every individual that is involved in the management of such conditions. Individuality In individuality, histories are being thoroughly reviewed in order for the healthcare providers to specifically know the kind of treatment or therapeutic management the elders might need. Data are being gathered from the significant others regarding about the specific lifestyle an habitual behaviour of the elder. Since this is individualized, the planning of treatment in this case is basically personalized. What may work for elder 1 may not work for elder 2 because both elders may have different experiences and environmental factors that caused their condition. Also, each elder have different needs and it is the duty of the health care providers to determine the appropriate approach. Rights We certainly consider that every individual has their own rights regardless of their status. In this approach we promote that despite the elder’s condition, we should take into consideration that they deserve to be treated right. And in this way, elders with Dementia or other common geriatric conditions are being protected and they receive the treatment that they truly deserve. Despite their condition, these elders are still human thus, they needed to be treated well. Choice The facility in this kind of approach gives the elders the right to choose what they think is best for them. They’re being given the option to choose for themselves. In this way, they have the freedom to voice out their own preferences. The elder’s choice be a large undertaking or small undertakings. In the large undertakings, for instance, elders may choose to sign the â€Å"Do not Resuscitate† waiver. They have every right to do that for themselves. On the other hand, the small undertaking may include choosing what to wear for that day, the colour of shirt they prefer, whether or not they want a jacket or a raincoat on a rainy day. In this way we are giving the elders to be responsible and make them feel that they are not worthless. This will help them feel that they have the control over their life. Privacy Privacy is not disclosing any information outside of the Health care institution. Information is only being discussed within the circle of the involved health care practitioners. Families are given the assurance that whatever condition the elder has will only be made known to those professionals involved in the treatment. Practitioners may only disclose some information once the family has given them the consent to do so. Independence Independence is one of the goals in the management of elders with dementia and other common geriatric conditions. Some people may think that this is quite impossible to attain, but with the constant assistance elders get from health care practitioners, this is achievable. Health care providers must identify certain situations in which elders may find themselves dependent. Once the health care provider has figured out the elders dependence, it is where the health care provider will make a strategy to assist the elder in achieving his/her independence. This may take a long process that’s why it is best to set goals that are attainable. Dignity Another goal in the management of elders with dementia is the promotion of their dignity. Healthcare providers must promote that despite the elder’s situation they still need to be respected as human beings. Promotion of dignity makes them worth as a person. Respect Respect is very important in the management of elders with dementia. They should be treated with transparency to further avoid the deterioration of the elder. This will also help ensure that elders are not confused. Respect is the summation of all the person-centered approach. Autonomy Every person is subject to their own preference. Since we all have this kind of rights, even elders with dementia should have autonomy. In this way, we are guiding them in deciphering what kind of outcome they want for themselves. The non-person centered approach to dementia and the Institutional Perspective and the Bio-Medical Perspective. The Institutional perspective focuses on the policies, rules and regulations in order to maintain the normal function of the physical aspect of the elders with dementia. Aside from the physical aspect, this approach is also taking part in the social and spiritual aspect of the person. On the other hand, the Bio-Medical Perspective’s main focus is the disease process. This perspective is concerned more of the prevention and alleviation of the common geriatric conditions. They are not in any way relating their efforts to the family or to any healthcare providers. They are more concern of the medications that elders needs, the diagnostic tests to further detect the progression of the disease or even the treatments needed to aid the elders with their condition. To maintain the condition of elders with dementia, there are techniques that are being used. Among are the following: Reality-orientation Approach This approach focuses on what is going on around the world. The objective data that clients must know such as the date, time, day, year and even the weather. To confirm this to the client’s we must provide evidence such as newspaper, television news and all the like. Validation Approach The focus of this approach is to validate the emotional content of the person. Healthcare providers are looking into what the client is feeling about a certain given situation. It is here that we can check if the expression matches the content of his/her emotions. Assistive Technologies It is in this approach that clients are being assisted in a way that health care provider brings the world to them. Due to their condition, most often they already forgot how it was to live a life that is normal. Through this kind of approach, the elders will gain more hope, better self-esteem thus resulting to sociable elders. Reminiscence Techniques This will help the clients exercise their memories. In this technique, the clients are given the chance to share their experiences in life. The things they’ve gone through and the memorable events in their lives. This is a good measurement of the retained past memories of the elders. Holistic Approach This approach focuses on the person as a whole. This includes the different aspect of the person’s life. The physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual aspect of the elder is given importance. These four aspects are being given attention and goes hand in hand in the process of holistic approach. The Public Health has attributed a lot in the management of Dementia. In the Public health, the government funds the programme that is being presented. In a way, this funding will result to an evidence-based practice. This will further develop the management techniques for elders with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. By doing this, both government and the public and the Institutions will know what is effective and what is not. Also, they are making the public know and become aware of what is happening in the world of the elders with dementia. Making the public become aware of dementia’s nature will help distinguish the early signs of it and prevent it from worsening. Awareness of this condition is their way of making it known to everyone that Dementia is something everyone should never neglect because this just doesn’t affect the person having it but it makes a great impact in the community. Also, health promotions have been made to help reduce the incident of complications of dementia. The healthcare provider’s attitudes should be taken into consideration. They should instil in their minds that positive attitude attracts positive results, so as negative attitude attracts negative ones. Healthcare providers exist to provide the care that elders with dementia need but not to worsen their condition by the way they treat the elders. Providers must be patient enough and smart enough to think that these elders don’t intend to complicate the situation but it’s simply a given fact that elders with these kinds of conditions aren’t aware of the things they do. Healthcare providers are in demand in this case due to the massive growth of older adults. Older generation are being outgrown by the new ones. And it’s now time to pay back to these elders what they’ve done. The code of practice and other published standards has created a great impact in the lives of those individuals with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. This benefited most on the person centered approach. The impact created was directly received by the recipient, the elders with dementia and other geriatric conditions. The code of practice has impacted the elders in a way that despite their condition, they are still being protected. We are all aware that elders who possess these kinds of condition are primarily affected on their brain, specifically their memory. Without memory, they are all like physical humans who just wander and don’t know where their lives are leading. But because of the concern and initiative of others for these elders, they’ve set standards for them that while they’re losing their memory they’re not losing their humanity. This won’t give impact to the elders now but also to the next generations of growing elders. This has made a way for everyone to be aware that every human has their rights and that no one being left behind. The health sector standards have gained the cooperation of every healthcare provider in providing the right management to elders with dementia and other common geriatric conditions. Moreover, the code of practice has benefitted both the residents and the healthcare providers. To the residents, the code of standards has become their protection from any malpractices. While on the other hand, the code of standard is the guide of the health care providers to do things in the right way and to avoid committing any malpractice that will affect the condition of the elders. These health sector standards and code of standards and other published standards has benefited the person-centered approach because the standards’cncern are primarily for the purpose of the residents safety as well as the health care providers. This is the only approach that it’s only the resident and the health care providers that are involved. Unlike other approaches which does not directly involves the residents. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this paper has enumerated the different principles involved in the person centered approach that gives benefit to both the residents and the health care providers. This paper primarily focuses about the protection and rights of the elders with dementia and other geriatric conditions, how the different approaches work and the benefits it has for the elders. Aside from the primary focus of protecting and promoting the rights of these elders, the healthcare providers are at the same time being guided on how to do things right and possibly rule out malpractices to happen. One way or the other, both parties can benefit from the different approaches, range of techniques, the different public health promotions and attitudes to health and the demand for more health care. RECOMMENDATION This paper will increase the awareness of the principles of the person centered approach, non-person centered approach, range of techniques used to meet the needs of persons with dementia, the impacts of public health and attitudes to health and demand for healthcare to those individuals whose family members has been affected by these common geriatric conditions. However, it’s not enough to make the awareness limited to those individuals that are being affected by this phenomenon. It’s always best to make it known to the public because no one knows who’s going to be the next victim. As what they always say the â€Å"prevention is better than cure.† Being aware is a way of making a step of preventing things to affect you. Although we don’t always have the control over things, but at least, having the knowledge of these kinds of things will lighten up the load and will help managing easier. These information ill help anybody know how things work especially to elders with dementia and other geriatric health conditions. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES Halura, M. (2002). Dementia in New Zealand: Improving Quality in Residential Care. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/healthreportdementia.pdf

Entity ritual and power an anthroplogical

Entity ritual and power an anthroplogical Anthropology 103 is an introduction to some of the major topics and issues that concern social and cultural anthropologists today. It complements Anth 102: Anthropological Perspectives, offered in the second semester, which deals with a separate range of anthropological issues. Together, Anth 102 and 103 constitute a comprehensive introduction to anthropology and students intending to major in anthropology should do both of them. Both Anth 102 and Anth 103 also complement our other 100-level courses, Anth 104: Endangered Peoples (offered in 2011) and Anth 105: Human Evolution, offered this semester. Course convenor lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Patrick McAllister, Room 325, Department of Sociology and Anthropology Phone: ext 7103; email: [emailprotected] Course administrator: Roslyn Kerr, Room 207, School of Social and Political Sciences Phone: ext 7185; email: [emailprotected]y.ac.nz Tutors: Amba Brackenreg Morton, Room 207, School of Social and Political Sciences Phone: ext 7185; email: [emailprotected] Niki McCusker, Room 207, School of Social and Political Sciences Phone: ext 7185; email: [emailprotected] Consulting hours: Your tutor will inform you of her/his consulting hours once you have been assigned to a tutorial group. Feel free to make an appointment with the course lecturer at any time. Lectures and tutorials: There will be two lectures a week on Monday from 11 to 11.50 a.m. in A4 lecture theatre and Wednesday from 11 to 11.50 a.m. in A5 lecture theatre. There is one compulsory tutorial a week. Tutorial groups, venues and times will be arranged at the beginning of the course. Lecture outlines will be posted on Learn each week. Assessment: Tutorial participation (attendance and preparation of notes) 15% Class test: Wednesday31 March 15% Essay: due on Friday 21 May 20% Exam (date t.b.a.) 50% Satisfactory participation in tutorials will require the preparation of written notes (approximately one page of 300 words per tutorial) based on the tutorial reading. Most tutorials involve participation in small-group work, and adequate preparation is essential. You are required to take a hard copy of the notes to the tutorial so that you can consult it during discussions. The notes will be collected and recorded but not assessed, but the mark for tutorial participation is based on both the hard copy handed in to the tutor and on your attendance at the tutorial. The essay (see p. 7) should be typed, double spaced, and around 2000 words in length. Learn contains a guide to essay writing and a referencing guide which you must read. The class test will be based entirely on material dealt with in tutorials and lectures, including the relevant readings in the course reader (weekly readings as well as tutorial readings). The exam will be based on all aspects of the course readings, lectures, tutorials and videos. For details on assessment policy, aegrotats, extensions, etc., see Learn. Course reader and Tutorial readings: Part One of the Course Reader contains the weekly readings relevant to the weekly lectures. Tutorial readings are found in Part Two of the course reader. Students are also advised to consult the Anthropology and other social science encyclopaedias in the reference section of the Central Library. Textbook: There is a recommended text book for this course, available from the University book shop. It is Monaghan, J and Just, P. Social and Cultural Anthropology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, 2000. There is also a course Reader. It contains readings relevant to both lectures and tutorials but not readings from the recommended text book. Other recommended texts (on short loan in the library): Metcalf, Peter Anthropology: The Basics. Routledge 2005. Eriksen, Thomas Hyland Small Places, Large Issues. Second edition. London: Pluto Press. 2001. Internet resources: Learn contains everything you need to know about the course (see http://learn.canterbury.ac.nz/login/index.php) and also has links to a number of sites of interest to anthropologists. Course overview: Anth 103 introduces students to a range of topics aimed at enabling them to critically examine the nature and role of culture in constructing a sense of individual and collective identity, and how this is related to various forms of power. Culture is viewed as a system of symbols that provide meaning, manifested in language, in notions of space and place, in art, in ritual, and in other material things such as food and dress. The course explores the role of symbols and rituals in the construction of culture. It demonstrates how ideas about culture may form the basis of group formation, ethnic and national identity, and how many forms of social action (including conflict between groups) may be understood as the politics of culture in which there are struggles for identity and power. Culture and identity are frequently acted out or performed in ritual and other forms of public action, and the notion of performance is introduced and developed in relation to the construc tion and demonstration of identity. The course illustrates the diverse nature of the ways in which humans perform identity and how these topics are of interest and relevance to countries such as New Zealand. In this sense it demonstrates how anthropology is relevant in todays world, by showing how an anthropological approach may be applied to contemporary social issues. _____________________________________________________________________ ­Ã‚ ­ Lecture programme _____________________________________________________________________ Week 1 22 February We start, this week and next, with an introduction to socio-cultural anthropology, its perspectives and its methods. Certain basic anthropological concerns are introduced. These include the nature of culture and society, and the ways in which humans organise themselves socially (weeks 2 and 3). In later weeks we see that time, space, the body and material culture form important components of this, as do ritual and power. In this respect the importance of symbols and meaning are emphasised, before we move on (in the second half of the course) to the question of ritual and ritual performance, through which culture is expressed, identities constructed and maintained, and power relationships acted out and reflected upon. Ritual performances, then, turn out to be basic to understanding the nature of social identity and the politics of culture, and vice versa. Videos and video clips are used to provide visual illustrations and food for thought. 1. Welcome and introduction what is socio-cultural anthropology, and why study it? Academic members of the UC anthropology programme and what they do. 2. The anthropological approach: Ethnographic fieldwork Video: Off the Verandah (Malinowski) Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch1); Eriksen 2001, ch 3. No tutorial this week. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 2 1 March 3. Culture and society: Video: The Kawelka: Ongkas Big Moka 4. Culture, symbols, society, meaning: Video: Dogtown and Z boys Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (chs 2 3); Hendry, 1999, ch 1. Tutorial Metcalf refers to the culture shock experienced by anthropological fieldworkers. How is this illustrated by Richard Lees experience of Christmas in the Kalahari? Metcalf 2005, ch1; Lee 2000. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 3 8 March 5. Symbols, identity and power: Video: Dogtown and Z boys (contd.) 6. Reflections and consolidation: Dogtown, the Kawelka, and the anthropological approach Reading: Delaney 2004, pp. 323-332 Tutorial It has been suggested that culture consists of meanings conveyed by symbols. Your tutorial notes should address the following questions: What is a symbol? How do symbols convey meaning? Why is symbolism central to understanding culture and society? Hendry 1999, Ch 5. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 4 15 March 7. Material culture the things that matter 8. Economic anthropology The Potlatch. Video: Box of Treasures Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 6); Piddocke 1965 Tutorial Body ritual in New Zealand society: How does body ritual and the associated material things in your own home compare with the lengths to which the Nacirema go to ensure bodily purity? Miner 2000. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 5 22 March 9. Time and space 10. The politics of culture. Video: Basques of Santazi Readings: Bourdieu 1973 Tutorial Maria Tam considers yumcha to be a typically Hong Style of eating. What is the connection between food, time and place in this instance? Can you think of other examples of close associations between a particular national or regional identity and specific foods or eating styles? Tam 1997. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 6 29 March 11. The politics of culture (contd) 12. Class test. Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 5); Atran 2007. Tutorial Race and culture: Why is race a discredited concept in biology? And if it is discredited, why is it relevant to anthropologists? Check it out in your tutorial readings, then go to the library and look through last weeks New Zealand and Australian newspapers for articles that refer to race, race differences, or similar issues and bring the article with you to the tutorial for discussion, along with your notes. Metcalf 2005, ch 2; Diamond 1999. _____________________________________________________________________ Mid semester break _____________________________________________________________________ Week 7 26 April 13. Nationalism and ethnicity: Ethnicity and the politics of culture in New Zealand 14. Aesthetics, identity and society Readings: Eriksen 2001, ch 17-18; Hendry 1999, ch 6 Tutorial: Discuss and evaluate Koligs analysis of the links between culture, ethnicity, politics and power in New Zealand. Kolig 2009. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 8 3 May 15. Religion and Ritual 16. Ritual and the life-cycle Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 7); Hendry 1999 (ch 4) Tutorial What are the characteristics of the liminal stage of rites of passage? Turner 2000. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 9 10 May 17. Rites of Passage. Video: Masai Manhood 18. Masai ritual, politics and power Readings: Turnbull 1993 (Ch 10) Tutorial How did Moerans attention to the ritualised consumption of alcohol and to drinking talk help him to understand power relations in the Japanese community that he studied? Moeran 1998. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 10 17 May 19. Ritual, identity, power witches, sorcerers, and oracles Video: Strange Beliefs (Evan-Pritchard) 20. Magic and shamanism Video: Off the Verandah (Malinowski) Readings: Beattie 1964, pp. 139-151 Tutorial What is globalization and why are anthropologists interested in it? Eriksen 2001, ch 19. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 11 24 May 21. Cultural performance 22. Performing identity: Video Trobriand Cricket Readings: Bauman 1992 Tutorial What are the ways in which you perform your identity? How are such performances related to your nationality, age, gender, education and ethnicity? Fernea and Fernea 2000 _____________________________________________________________________ Week 12 31 May 23. Cultural performance and public ritual in New Zealand: ANZAC Day 24. Conclusion, course overview, exam details Readings: Delaney 2004, 376-391 Tutorial Revision and consolidation _____________________________________________________________________ Essay; due on Friday 21 May (2000 words, typed) Choose ONE of the following topics. 1. Discuss the usefulness or otherwise of regarding Pakeha/Maori relations as relations between ethnic groups. Use the media to make reference to contemporary issues and controversies in your answer. Banks, M. Ethnicity : Anthropological Constructions. London; New York : Routledge. 1996. Eriksen, T. H. Ethnicity and Nationalism : Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto. 1993. Kolig, E. Romancing Culture and its Limitations: Policies of Cultural Recognition, Multiculturalism and Cultural Boundaries in New Zealand. In The Politics of Conformity in New Zealand, edited by R. Openshaw and E. Rata. Auckland: Pearson. 2009. Kottak, C. Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. 9th edition. McGraw Hill. 2002. Ch 12. Barber, K. Pakeha Ethnicity and Indigeneity. Social Analysis, 43, 2. 1999 Spoonley, P Pearson, C. Nga Patai: Racism and Ethnic Relations in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. 1996. (Chapters by Bell and Spoonley). 2. Anthropology is said to be concerned with the contemporary study of culture and society. What do these two terms mean, and in what ways are they connected? Barnard, A. and J. Spencer Encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Routledge. 1996. (Make use of other Anthropology encyclopaedias as well). Metcalf, Peter.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anthropology: The Basics.  Ã‚   Abingdon/New York: Routledge. 2005. Bailey, James and Peoples, Garrick. Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. 6th edition. Belmont, Ca.: Thomson/Wadsworth. 2003 Hendry, Joy. An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London: MacMillan Press. 1999. Eriksen, Thomas Hyland. Small Places, Large Issues. Second edition. London: Pluto Press. 2001 Beattie, John. Other Cultures. London:Routledge. 1964. 3. The body, it is said, is not a natural thing but a cultural one. The body is implicated in ritual and performance, and it is an important source of symbolism in most societies. Discuss. Delaney, Carol. An Experiential Introduction to Anthropology. Malden/Oxford. 2004, chs 6-8 Hendry, Joy. An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London: MacMillan Press. 1999. Ch 5 Bowie, F. The anthropology of religion. Second edition. Oxford Blackwells. 2006. Ch 2. Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand. London: Cohen and West. 1960. pp89-116.

Anna Karenina Booknotes :: essays research papers

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ranks as one of the world's great writers. He was also an important moral thinker and reformer. Tolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, Russia, the fourth of five children. After being educated at Kazan in 1844, he joined the army in 1852. He fought proudly in the Crimean War, and after he left the army, he traveled abroad. He inspected German schools to insure their quality before going to his brother's side outside of Marseille, France. Nicolai died at a spa with his brother at his side. This death affected Tolstoy so deeply that his writing was the only thing that kept him afloat. Upon his return, Tolstoy settled on his Volga estate, where he wrote his epic masterpiece War and Peace - the story of five families during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. His next novel, Anna Karenina, written in the romantic period, is one of the great love stories of the world. He married Sofya Andreyevna Bers, a.k.a. Sonya, and had nine children. Tolstoy then experienced a spiritual crisis which led to such works as A Confession and What I Believe. Some of his similar, earlier struggles were recorded in Anna Karenina, which he had previously published. Tolstoy converted to his religion, Tolstoyism. This faith said that "only through emotional and religious commitment can one discover this natural truth". His family disapproved of this and made life around the Tolstoy house unbearable for almost everyone. In his last days, he transferred his fortune to his wife and lived poorly as a peasant under her roof. Leaving home secretly, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy died of pneumonia some days later at nearby railway station. Anna is portrayed as a beautiful, mysterious woman who encompasses the quest for personal discovery. She is content in her life, but sees something that she wants more. This love, the love for Vronsky, drives her to unimaginable heights to keep her life and mental state at a safe level. As a woman, Anna suffers great injustices for her actions. These unfair laws of society drive her to her grave. Levin is representative of Tolstoy's life. He is a respected, educated, and well off landowner in the aristocracy. His quest for self-discovery leads him out into the fields with his workers, thrashing grass with the rest of them. He also lusts after Kitty, and finally attains her love when she realizes what a good and true man he is.

Comparison Of Job And Odysseus Essays -- essays research papers

The agency of Job and Odysseus is controlled by God and the gods. Neither Job nor Odysseus have agency when the gods are against them. The relationship between the divine and human agency is a well-established one in both the ancient Hebrew and ancient Greek cultures. Many acts that could be attributed to human agency are often credited to gods, especially human errors or misdeeds. Humans try to forfeit a good deal of their agency to the gods willingly. Nevertheless the gods have no reservations about revoking agency from humans. Neither Job nor Odysseus had agency when a god was against them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job has no agency, no participation in God’s decision to make him the object of a wager. God does not give him the option to decline and he is presented with no opportunity in which he might refuse God outright. He has no control over the duration or intensity of his suffering. He is completely at the mercy of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is nothing to give an indication of how much agency Job had before the wager. However the arguments Job makes in chapter three through thirty-seven suggest some agency, especially in his questioning of God: “Does it seem good to thee to oppress, to despise the work of thy hands and favor the designs of the wicked? Are thy days as the days of man, or thy years as man’s years, that thou dost seek out my iniquity and search for my sin, although thou knowest that I am not guilty, and there is none to deliver out of thy hand?'; (Job, chapter 10, verses 3, 5-7). We will assume Job has as much agency as one could who was “blameless and upright, one who feared God, and turned away from evil'; (Job, chapter 1, verse 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The events that destroy Job’s property and children seem to be agency limiting by their very nature. To Job, the entire chain of incidents must have appeared as a string of unfortunate coincidences. There was no element of predictability, no chance for Job to prepare for or thwart Satan’s plan. Job was blindsided. His agency was restricted by his limited knowledge of what was happening around him. The events Satan chose as a means to obliterate Job’s possessions and his children, were random and uncontrollable for Job. There was no room for any expression of agency on his part. Job&am... ...erience a loss of agency because of a god. There is one significant difference that stands out between Job and Odysseus. That is the reason for their loss of agency and suffering. The reason in for Odysseus’ torment is obvious: he blinded Poseidon’s son. How anyone could not expect some form of vengeance, and sometimes I get the feeling Odysseus is caught unaware by Poseidon, is a mystery to me. The rationale behind Job’s reduction in agency is much less clear and is never addressed by God, who was an accessory to the whole affair by knowingly allowing it to take place. The comforters suggest possible explanations, unhidden sin or a lesson from God, but neither suggestions are confirmed or denied. The reason God accepted Satan’s wager remains a playground for speculation. When the plans of the gods, or God, are against them, neither Odysseus nor Job have control over the direction their lives take. They can only contemplate why it is happening and wait for it to end. Of course, once peace is made with the gods, agency is restored and Job and Odysseus return to the lives waiting and watching, for it is the divine that controls their agency.

Dell Inventory Essay

The just-in-time (JIT) inventory method is a method of inventory management. â€Å"The goal of these concepts, contrary to popular belief, is not to reduce inventory, although that’s an appealing side benefit. Instead, JIT (like its imitators) is a continual process aimed at eliminating waste and solving problems throughout the supply chain† (Minahan, 1997, p. 45). Since its inception in 1984, Dell Corporation, Inc. has set itself apart from competitors through innovation and creativity. The company uses the JIT method of inventory management. Many businesses use Dell’s success as a business model. Dell’s sales concept focuses on meeting the needs of its customers and building computers to order, selling them directly to the customer. â€Å"This direct business model eliminates retailers that add unnecessary time and cost, or can diminish Dell’s understanding of customer expectations. The direct model allows the company to build every system to order and offer customers powerful, richly-configured systems at competitive prices† (Dell, 2007, 1). In executing this vision Dell has leveraged effectively its human capital to drive growth and brand loyalty. Dell has been very successful with this model; as a result, the company carries low overhead cost by keeping inventory numbers low. Prior to adopting the JIT method, Dell struggled with managing finances. After implementing JIT, the company saw a vast improvement in inventory turnover and a reduction in the number of days worth of inventory on hand. The company achieved improvement by only placing orders with suppliers when needed. Placing orders JIT eliminates carrying costs associated with managing inventory. Table one reflects the continued reduction, showing 5.7 days of inventory on hand in 2001 and 3.4 days of inventory on hand in 2004 (Morningstar, 2010). Annual inventory turnover increased from 64.3 in 2001 to 107.1 in 2004 (Morningstar, 2010).

Hypothesis through research Essay

Introduction This investigation aims to find the value of Young’s Modulus for a specific material, in this case nylon fishing line. Young’s Modulus (E) is a measure of a material’s stiffness, determined by the formula: The standard unit of measure for Young’s Modulus is the pascal (Pa). 1 pascal is the same measure as 1 Nm-2 (Nm being Newton Metre). A material always retains the same Young’s Modulus value regardless of how much it is stretched or strained, and this should be revealed in this investigation by gathering a definite value of the modulus for nylon. Hypothesis Through research that I conducted before starting the investigation, I have determined that the correct Young’s Modulus value of Nylon lies in the range 1-7GPa (the large range being due to different make-ups of Nylon with it being a compound). I should therefore be looking at achieving a final result within or very close to this range. Since stress is proportionate to strain in the Young’s Modulus formula, and the modulus value remains the same, I would expect the value of stress and strain to proportionally increase with each other. Experiment Plan In order to carry out this investigation into the value of Young’s Modulus of nylon, I will conduct an experiment to gather the values of stress and strain when increasing force is added to the material, and will take readings as weight increases until the breaking point of the nylon is reached. In order to calculate stress and strain, I will need to record each of the following variables throughout the experiment: Force applied to the material [F] (Newtons/N) Area of a cross-section of the material [A] (Metres-squared/m2). Original length of the material [Lo] (Metres/m) Amount of extension when the force is applied [L] (Metres/m) These variables will then allow the values of stress and strain to be calculated using the following formulas: This leads to a final Young’s Modulus calculation formula of: The set-up I will be using to carry out this experiment consists of the nylon fishing line suspended from a stand using a clamp, and another clamp to ensure there is no movement in the stand itself. I will create a suitable loop at the bottom of the hanging material so that weights can be added but will need to ensure this loop does not weaken any area of the material and cause a drop in the breaking point value, as this would compromise the reliability of my experiment and result in premature breakage of the length of nylon. At each stage of the experiment I will take readings of length using a standard 1m ruler, and will measure the area of a cross section by gathering the diameter value using a micrometer, halving this value to gather radius and then use the formula. Before any weights are added, I will need to take a control measurement of the length and area of the nylon before any stress or strain is applied. Once this is done I will proceed to apply weight in intervals of 100g (0. 981 N) and record the values of each variable stated at bottom of the previous page after each 100g weight is added, with the exception of original length which is a constant value and only needs to be recorded at the beginning of the experiment. I will continue to add weights until the material reaches its elastic limit and snaps, at which point I will record the force applied to break the object. In order to achieve an adequate number of results from each experiment to make a fair analysis and conclusion to the investigation, I will need to take a minimum of eight readings (i. e the nylon should withstand at least 800g/7. 849N). If this fails in the actual experiment then I will need to re-evaluate my plan and decide on a new method of conducting the experiment to meet this criteria. To increase reliability, accuracy and to eliminate possible anomalous results, I will aim to repeat the entire experiment three times to gather average readings.

Variety Of Ecosystem Services Environmental Sciences Essay

This analysis informs future direction and technology determinations within estuaries for these home grounds which are protected under the EU Habitats Directive. At a wide graduated table, observations made within Poole Harbour emphasise that saltmarsh alterations happening elsewhere in the UK, and potentially elsewhere in the universe, may be more complex than frequently portrayed. Foregrounding the demand for elaborate instance by instance surveies, that use all the informations available over a sufficient clip period. When information is non available this should be acknowledged and a grade of cautiousness used in construing consequences. Multiple drivers of alteration are commanding the net development of saltmarsh in Poole Harbour and this is likely to be a widespread decision for other estuaries around the universe. On geological timescales tidal basins can be considered as impermanent, ephemeral characteristics. Their being is the consequence of a complex interaction between the familial morphology and substrate, low-lying fluctuations and tidal gestures, sediment handiness and sediment distribution procedures. Historically, estuaries have been focal points for human activities and development. Some utilizations such as ports, exploit the shelter offered by the physical construction of the estuary. Other utilizations include working the rich natural resources of fish and shellfish available within estuarial environments. Estuaries are frequently used by certain fish species as genteelness and nursery evidences, pulling big Numberss of marauding bird and wildlife species. Estuaries have besides in recent old ages become the focal point for leisure activities such as seafaring and other H2O athleticss. The usage of rivers and estuaries has increased, non merely for conveyance and port development, but besides in new utilizations such as H2O extraction and discharges of waste. Population growing and development of urban industrial and agricultural countries has lead to renewal and draining of low lying countries, all of which impose force per unit areas on river and estuary systems. Anthropogenetic effects have historically been a major agent act uponing the morphology of an estuary, either straight by agencies of technology plants or indirectly by modifying the physical, chemical or biological procedures within the estuary. Estuaries are among the most biologically productive ecosystems on the planet, per unit country, with intertidal home grounds back uping big Numberss of birds and fish. As an recognition of the ecological maps that estuaries perform, big countries in the UK ( and more widely ) have been designated under the EC Habitats and Species Directive, including saltmarshe s and mudflats, reedbeds, sand dunes, vegetated shake, coastal graze fen, saline lagunas and sea grass beds. However, studies led by English Nature within the Stour and Orwell Estuaries, Hamford Water, Blackwell Estuary, Thames Estuary and Marshes, the Solent and Portsmouth Harbour, have found that salt marsh countries in England are worsening. Saltmarshes on the south seashore of the UK, are peculiarly threatened due to a combination of factors. Intertidal countries have been shown to hold declined with the edifice of extended defense mechanism webs ( notably during the nineteenth Century ) . Land renewal, alterations in sediment handiness and slow remission due to glacial isostatic accommodation all being of import influences. Consequently, important losingss are likely to go on into the hereafter and these are likely to be exacerbated by low-lying rise. Expected responses to low-lying rise are perpendicular accumulation and migration inland, both of which have been restricted by coastal defense mechanisms. In visible radiation of the importance of estuaries, both environmentally and commercially, understanding the procedures which drive them, including hydrokineticss, tides and sediment conveyance and the effects for morphological alteration is important. Both in order to better pull off these countries and conserve the home grounds situated within them, every bit good as giving penetration into the alterations that may happen in these countries with future development and anthropogenetic influence.Research PurposesThere is an overpowering focal point on eroding in the UK and the equilibrating procedure of accumulation has received deficient attending, understanding under what conditions saltmarshes accrete and cognition of how to ease this will be important to future coastal direction under lifting sea degrees. The chief purpose of this research is to research estuary morphodynamics with relation to accretional and erosional tendencies at an estuary and sub-estuary graduated table and specifically the function of tidal dissymmetry with relation to saltmarsh alteration. In order to analyze saltmarsh alterations alongside hydrokineticss and morphology a suited instance survey site was selected. Criteria for the pick of instance survey site were determined through two factors ; local direction issues affecting saltmarshes and informations handiness ( see Appendix A ) . Saltmarsh direction issues to be considered included ; parts of human impacted saltmarsh ( such as seawall building, dredging and marina/port development ) every bit good as pristine saltmarsh in close propinquity, saltmarsh with varied facet and distribution throughout the estuary, saltmarsh of high quality and habitat appellation. Considerations for informations included the handiness of: historic aerial exposure, maps and charts, bathymetric/topographic informations such as LiDAR, some cognition of the basic hydrodynamic procedures, and possible bing theoretical accounts of the estuary that can be utilized and handiness for field informations. Poole Harbour is a big tidal estuary situated on the south seashore of Britain. Spartina anglica was foremost recorded in Poole Harbour in the 1890s. It ab initio spread quickly, nevertheless, during the 1920s it began to worsen. The mean rate of saltmarsh loss, reported from 1972 to 1993, is 7.5 hour angle per twelvemonth ( accounting for 157.5 hour angle of saltmarsh loss over that clip. This may non be a cosmopolitan tendency, it has been reported that in some countries of the Harbour saltmarsh has expanded. However this is non to the full described in the old literature and so this thesis will more realistically characterize the tendencies and their drivers for south seashore fens, utilizing Poole Harbour as a instance survey. Saltmarsh distribution in Poole Harbour and its historic development is farther described in Chapter 3. Poole Harbour was chosen as a suited survey country for three chief grounds ( Appendix A ) . First it has big countries of pristine saltmarsh on the sout hern and western sides with small human impact. Yet the northern and eastern sides hold big urban populations and an active and spread outing ferry port. The saltmarshes in Poole Harbour are extended and varied in facet and in old studies have shown interesting tendencies in eroding. Second data handiness was good for Poole Harbour, with readily available historic forward passs for three old ages throughout the twentieth Century. Third the hydrokineticss in the Harbour are good characterised through old numerical modeling conducted by Falconer and HR Wallingford. Poole Harbour will be examined as a instance survey, in order to better understand the relationship between tidal dissymmetry, sediment kineticss and intertidal alteration. In many old surveies it is hypothesised that wane dominant estuaries export deposit and inundation dominant estuaries import deposit with cardinal deposit conveyance, morphological and finally habitat stock deductions. However, this state of affairs may be more complex, with different countries within a individual estuary dominated by different tendencies of dissymmetry, thereby making localised erosional and accretional tendencies.Research AimsIn drumhead, the research has the undermentioned three aims which are expanded upon in Chapter 4. Historic Change Analysis ; The historic alteration analysis will place alterations within the intertidal zone and will quantify historic saltmarsh tendencies within the Harbour, utilizing maps, charts and aerial picture taking. Methods of alteration will besides be quantified. Through this procedure erosional and accretional tendencies at an estuary and sub-estuary graduated table can be defined and drivers for these alterations identified. This has non satisfactorily been completed in old surveies and is important to deriving and full apprehension of the procedures happening within the Harbour. Estuary Morphology Analysis ; The morphology of the Harbour will be investigated in several ways. First the hypsography of the Harbour and its current position with relation to equilibrium will be quantified. The hypsography of an estuary ( Section 2.2.2 ) can be used to depict the estuarine morphology in footings of its deposit infill. This infers the developmental phase of the estuary and hence indicates whether the estuary will be given to import or export deposit. This has a big impact on the intertidal home grounds ability to maintain gait with local comparative sea-level rise and erosional or accretional tendencies. In add-on, sub-estuary fluctuations in hypsography and tidal dissymmetry will be assessed and compared to the historic alteration analysis to detect any correlativity. Second transverse subdivisions of the intertidal will be examined ; the cross shore profile form can bespeak erosional and accretional tendencies. This will give penetration into modern-day procedures within the saltmarshes and dr ivers of alteration, peculiarly when combined with cognition of dominant air current and moving ridge waies which may be responsible for alterations. An analysis of sediment shear thresholds of deposits in the Harbour, through flume testing will besides give penetration into how deposits behave, therefore possible drivers of alteration. Tidal Asymmetry Analysis ; Tidal flow vectors and tidal dissymmetry will be investigated within the estuary. This will be done in two ways. First dissymmetry will be calculated utilizing generalised geometric and hydrodynamic relationships to depict the overall dissymmetry within the Harbour. Second tidal flow vectors and tidal dissymmetry will be investigated, peculiarly inundation and ebb laterality, utilizing numerical theoretical account informations. As discussed in Section 2.1.2, flow speeds are a chief driver of sediment conveyance within an estuary. Tidal dissymmetry can take to dominant flow waies, besides impacting sediment conveyance and distribution, which has a major impact on intertidal home ground location and stableness. Where local comparative sea-levels are increasing, saltmarshes rely on deposit supplies in order to accrete vertically within the tidal frame and keep comparative place. Where the chance to migrate and sufficient deposit is non available intertidal home grounds will slowly drow n and revert to lower lift home grounds and finally convert to unfastened H2O.Novelty/Originality of ResearchThis thesis aims to unite several methods of analysis in order to associate the morphodynamics and tidal dissymmetry of estuaries, with relation to saltmarsh erosional and accretional tendencies. By uniting an analysis of historic maps, charts and aerial exposure, historic saltmarsh alteration and its scene can be investigated. Analyzing estuary morphology and geting modelled speed flow end products, drivers of these alterations can be identified. By taking a multidisciplinary attack, estuarial hydrokineticss can be linked to sediment conveyance forms, which drive the morphology of the Harbour and may be a dominant driver of the historic saltmarsh alterations observed. Previous surveies refering saltmarsh alterations within Poole Harbour have been conducted at a less elaborate degree than within this survey and have overlooked little graduated table alterations within creek s ystems. Neither localized tendencies of eroding or accumulation, or the drivers and mechanisms of the alterations observed were investigated in these old surveies. Saltmarshes in the UK have been in diminution throughout the twentieth Century and in the hereafter will be under increasing force per unit area due to low-lying rise even if the Habitat Directive addresses the force per unit area of coastal development. Saltmarshes are of import both in footings of designated home grounds, which are protected by European jurisprudence, every bit good as supplying a assortment of ecosystem services. Hence, at a wide graduated table, placing and understanding the drivers of alteration in saltmarsh systems and the timescales they operate over, is important in helping determination devising in future coastal direction.Structure of ThesisThis thesis is organised into nine Chapters. Chapter 2 will reexamine the relevant literature discoursing estuarial morphology and hydrokineticss associating these procedures to saltmarshes and the home grounds found within the intertidal zone. Chapter 2 will besides discourse estuarine modeling, analyzing both numerical hydrodynamic theoretical accounts, every bit good as the hypsography conceptual theoretical account. Chapter 3 introduces the instance survey used for this survey, Poole Harbour, with a background literature reappraisal. Chapter 4 outlines the informations and methods used to look into historic saltmarsh tendencies and hydrodynamic procedures within Poole Harbour. This has been undertaken in three chief phases each based on the three aims: 1 ) historic analysis of alteration, 2 ) look intoing the morphology of the Harbour through hypsography and cross shore profiles and 3 ) look intoing tidal dissymmetry through generalised geometric and hydrodynamic relationships and modeling. The consequences from each of these Sections will be presented in Chapters 5, 6 and 7 severally with initial decisions presented at the terminal of each Chapter. A treatment, uniting all methods and consequences and with recommendations for farther work, will be presented in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 will sketch the overall decisionsLiterature reappraisalThe undermentioned Chapter reviews the relevant literature in order to inform the purposes and aims discussed in Chapter 1. First estuaries are discussed, including the three chief facets of this thesis, saltmarsh signifier, morphology and hydrokineticss. Second estuarial modeling is explored and the theoretical accounts used in this survey are introduced including both empirical and procedure based theoretical accounts.EstuariesThe term estuary, derived from the Latin ‘aestus ‘ significance tide, refers to a lingua of the sea making inland. A widely used definition describes an estuary as ‘a semi-enclosed coastal organic structure of H2O holding a free connexion with the unfastened sea and within which sea H2O is measurably diluted with fresh H2O derived from land drainage ‘ , . Their signifier and extent are invariably altered by the eroding and deposition of deposit and therefore hold a broad assortment of signifiers. Most estuaries are geologically really immature and have developed when the last post-glacial rise in sea degree inundated coastlines and drowned river vales 10,000 old ages ago. Two chief procedures are thought to drive the development of an estuary. First the long term averaged sediment supply, being either from inland ( preponderantly from fluvial beginnings ) or the unfastened seashore, along with the way and magnitude of the long-run averaged deposit conveyance, . Second disconnected and cyclical alterations in the estuarine morphology causes hydrodynamic procedures to change over clip, and at several graduated tables, from storm events and technology plants, single tidal rhythms to the spring-neap rhythm, seasonally or the 18.6 twelvemonth nodal rhythm, . Estuaries are besides place to complex home grounds that develop under these conditions, germinating to get by with the extremes of invariably altering salt and tidal degrees. The tide is the cardinal characteristic around which saltmarsh maps through platform accumulation, : it sets the altitudinal scope of a fen and is important to the development and care of the creek webs.SaltmarshesSaltmarshes are defined as intertidal countries of all right deposits stabilised by characteristically halophytic flora, and are widely developed in low-energy environments where moving ridge action is limited. The upper bound of saltmarsh colonization appears to be determined by interspecies competition with tellurian workss at higher lifts, as they are less good adapted to those conditions ( Hughes and Paramour, 2004 ) . However, this upper bound can frequently be approximately defined as the degree of highest astronomical tide. The comparative placement of mudflats and saltmarsh within the tidal fr ame is illustrated in Mistake: Reference beginning non found. Saltmarshes can be found across coastal Europe, including the Mediterranean, with a considerable scope in footings of species composing and works community construction. More Northern fens tend to hold fewer species and a simple construction greatly influenced by the limited growth season. Southern fens tend to hold a much wider scope of species and are characterised by all twelvemonth growing. The EC Habitats and Species Directives require member provinces to denominate countries of importance, including saltmarshes, for peculiar home grounds and species as Particular Areas of Conservation. Together with Particular Protection Areas designated under the Conservation of Birds Directive, these countries form a Europe broad web known as ‘Natura 2000 ‘ . These set out steps to keep at, or reconstruct to a ‘favourable preservation position ‘ these designated sites and requires appropriate stairss to avoid devastation or impairment of home grounds. Saltmarshes provide of import ecosystem services being of import home grounds within the coastal zone, both as protected countries for wildfowl species, baby's rooms for piscaries stocks and supplying an of import constituent of coastal protection via moving ridge dissipation. Saltmarsh distribution across Great Britain has been described in several surveies. They are found all around the coastline of Great Britain, and vary well in character, Boorman ( 2003 ) , describes basically two types of saltmarsh, lowland and highland. Lowland fens being associated with major estuaries in low lying countries such as the Wash, Essex, north Kent, the Solent, the Severn estuary Liverpool Bay and the Solway Firth. Upland countries are described as being scattered in distribution with little stray fens associated with minor estuaries or at the caputs of sea lochs. Patterns of saltmarsh development are locally or regionally based, nevertheless it is clear that in countries where comparative low-lying rise and restraints on saltmarsh migration are present, there will be a inclination towards low-level and frequently devolving marsh signifiers. Saltmarsh eroding and accumulation have been observed at several clip graduated tables, tidal, seasonal and decadal. However as a general tendency saltmarshes have historically been worsening in the South of the UK and as low-lying rise is expected to speed up, these losingss are expected to increase and entire loss of saltmarsh in many coastal countries is non impossible by the terminal of this century if current defense mechanisms are maintained and upgraded. Hence understanding the procedures which affect saltmarsh and intertidal countries and the ecosystem services that they provide is critical.Spartina anglica colonization in the UKMany of the UK ‘s saltmarshes are comparatively immature, and were formed as a consequence of the debut of cord grass Spartina alterniflora by ship from America in the early nineteenth century, hybridization with the native Spartina maritima and the rapid growing of the aggressive intercrossed Spartina anglica. Rapid enlargement of Spartina anglica led to it going a dominant saltmarsh species, but this was followed by extended die-back, the causes of which are still non c lear.Saltmarsh diminutionSaltmarshes have historically declined in the UK ( Jones et al. , 2011 ) , surveies in south-east England have calculated rates of loss of about 40 hour angles year-1 for the past 50 old ages ( Royal Haskoning, 2004a, Pye and French, 1993 ) . Studies in the Solent part exemplify how some saltmarshes have halved in country since 1970 ( Baily and Pearson, 2007, Royal Haskoning, 2004a, Cope et al. , 2008 ) . Crooks and Pye ( 2000 ) , identified six chief mechanisms for eroding within saltmarshes: 1 ) retreat of near-vertical clifflets at the fen border, 2 ) denudation of a root edge sod instantly landward of the clifflet top, 3 ) retreat of a ramped fen forepart, which may be incised by erosional furrows, 4 ) scratch of the natural fen brook with associated bank prostration and headward eroding, 5 ) flora die-back and eroding of the surface clay over big countries of the inside of the fen, and 6 ) scratch coalescency of drainage ditches or agricultural ridge and furrow systems. Several theories have been suggested as drivers for these eroding mechanisms, which are by and large split into two classs ; ( a ) biological, and ( B ) physical. Biological impacts suggested are the increased usage of agricultural weedkillers, which contribute to the diminution of microphytobenthos and hence deposit stableness. Bioturbation and herbivory by species such as Nereis diversicolor and, peculiarly in countries where this species may be in great copiousness due to sewage pollution may be another option. Surveies have shown that non merely does Nereis diversicolor disrupt innovator species, but they can besides lend to creek eroding. Physical procedures suggested to lend to saltmarsh decline include increased wave action, a decrease in sediment supply and coastal squeezing. In shallow parts, such as estuaries, wind-waves can hold an consequence on turbidness ( Anderson, 1972, Ward et al. , 1984 ) . However this tends to change over the tidal rhythm as the fetch alterations due to the outgrowth and submerging of sand bars or mudflats ( Green et al. , 1997 ) and so the sum of moving ridge energy moving in an estuary can be strongly related to the signifier and morphology of the estuary. Increased wave action, peculiarly at the seaward border, has been suggested to lend to saltmarsh diminution ( Burd, 1992 ) . Studies in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand ( Swales et al. , 2004 ) have besides linked wave energy gradients with spacial differences in long-run Spartina growing. However, sidelong eroding has been observed in both exposed and sheltered locations and in countries where there is sediment sufficient for the mudflats to accrete in gait and so this can non merely be due to low-lying rise taking to greater beckon fading at the fen forepart at these locatio ns. However it may be a conducive factor in countries that are exposed and have seen a bead in mudflat profile, physically or comparative to sea degrees. Since the 1930s intertidal seagrass beds have besides declined in copiousness and distribution. This may besides lend to an increased moving ridge fading at the fen forepart. Figure 2.2 illustrates the morphological difference between an accreting or gnawing shoreline. The given that historic saltmarsh loss is chiefly due to coastal squeezing, where breakwaters prevent the landward migration of saltmarsh in response to low-lying rise may be over simplified. The form of flora loss, largely of innovator species, is opposite of what it should be, where upper workss are squeezed out first. Besides diminution has occurred in countries where there is ample deposit available for the fens to accrete and yet they do non, . However, coastal squeezing may go an progressively major factor in saltmarsh loss over the following century. In England, inundation defense mechanisms have removed most chances for natural landward migration, . Further, while most old research has tended to concentrate on individual drivers, multiple drivers may be in operation. Hence, it is of import that trends in coastal ecosystems, including saltmarshes, are strictly investigated and analysed utilizing historic informations beginnings. Historic saltmarsh alterations have been studied at a spacial graduated table in the Westerschelde ( Netherlands ) . In this survey a comparatively short clip period, 30 old ages, was used. However, survey demonstrated the necessity to see the local feedback mechanisms between works growing, morphology and hydrokineticss of both the saltmarsh and the mudflat, when measuring the position of saltmarshes. It besides illustrated the importance of measuring alterations in saltmarsh at a spacial graduated table instead than looking at entire alterations in country.MorphologyEstuarine morphology is a consequence of interactions between deposits and non-linear tidal extension, . Non-linear tidal effects can take to a tidal deformation or dissymmetry where inundation and ebb continuance are unequal, ensuing in speed differences during each phase of the tide. Dyer notes that flood/ebb laterality plays a polar function in estuarial deposit conveyance and morphodynamics. Kirby, classes boggy seashores as either accretionary, stable or gnawing, depending on the hydrodynamic forcing and sediment supply. Accretion dominated seashores occur when sediment supply exceeds the rate of low-lying rise. In these parts the cross Sectional profile is likely to be high and convex in form, Figure 2.2. Kirby ( 2002 ) describes eroding dominated seashores as ‘where the rate of deposit supply is less than that of comparative low-lying rise, or where the amount of the destabilising forces exceeds that of the recollective forces ‘ . These profiles frequently exhibit a drop between the muddy foreshore and any saltmarsh backup this part, the saltmarsh is besides typically disconnected, frequently due to the widening and deepening of the saltmarsh brook. Erosion dominated parts frequently besides have a low and concave cross Sectional form Figure 2.2. Beginnings of all right deposits in estuaries can be from many beginnings, including from the catchment, cliff eroding or from a seaward beginning, but will change between different systems. Both cohesive ( clay, silt, clay ) and non-cohesive ( sand, crushed rock ) deposits are found within estuaries, nevertheless, they behave in significantly different ways with respects to sediment conveyance. The motion of deposit on the ocean floor begins when the shear emphasis ( ?0 ) becomes sufficiently great to get the better of the frictional and gravitative forces keeping the grains on the bed, this value is the critical shear emphasis ( ?c ) . Therefore for any given deposit there will be a critical shear speed ( u*c ) which determines sediment motion, The relationship between grain size and critical shear emphasis is non a additive one, peculiarly for cohesive deposits such as silts and clays that are found on mudflats and in saltmarshes. Although single atoms of cohesive deposits are by definition little, consisting clays ( 0.0005mm-0.002mm ) , silts ( 0.002mm-0.0625mm ) , and sometimes a subordinate sum of sand ( & A ; gt ; 0.0625 millimeter ) , there are strong binding forces that hold the grains together one time they have been deposited. They are lifted as flocculates or bunchs and if they have become partly amalgamate, such as on open clay flats, so they require high shear speeds in order to originate conveyance. So although the atoms merely take a little speed in order to transport them in H2O, one time deposited are non easy eroded despite the all right grain size, this procedure is called scour slowdown, . The coherence of these really all right grained deposits is besides influenced by H2O content, mineral composing and salt of overlying H2O and H2O trapped between the grains, . Mud and silts are by and large transported as a suspended burden. However, when the critical depositional shear emphasis is reached the grains will get down to settle towards the bed. The grains will go on to be transported for a clip, this processes is called settling slowdown, and can be peculiarly of import in sediment deposition within estuaries. Slowdowns of up to 1.3 hours between maximal currents and extremum suspended deposit concentrations have been recorded, .It was besides observed that current speeds less than 0.2 m/s indicated periods of slack H2O where deposi t commixture was suppressed. Widdows et Al. deployed unmoved gulchs in the Humber Estuary to mensurate critical eroding speeds, where an mean critical speed of 0.31 m/s was recorded on the upper shore instantly below the saltmarsh, and an norm of 0.235 m/s on the mid shore, severally. Other deployments found that a pronounced decrease in the critical eroding speed from 0.26 m/s to 0.15 m/s between ridge and pool countries, where the pool countries are invariably submerged and the ridge countries are exposed to air for around 7 hours per tidal rhythm.Estuarine HypsometryStrahler describes the usage of hypsography to analyze the morphology of drainage basins, where the per centum hypsometric curve relates horizontal cross-sectional country of a drainage basin to relative lift above basin oral cavity. Through the usage of dimensionless parametric quantities, curves can be described and compared irrespective of original graduated table, with curves demoing typical differences in sinuous ness of signifier and proportionate country below the curve, . Different signifiers could be linked to phases of estuary development with a immature estuary exhibiting small deposit infill and a mature estuary typified by big volumes of deposit infill. Several more recent surveies have investigated the application of empirical expression to hypsometrical relationships in estuaries including. Other surveies including besides discuss the function of saltmarsh and intertidal storage countries, with relation to hypsometry. Boon and Byrne ( 1981 ) derived a technique to cipher the hypsometric curve for estuaries, following equations 2.1-2.3: a/A = G/ ( r+G ( 1-r ) Equation 2.1 where ; G= ( 1-h/H ) ? Equation 2.2 r=Amin/A Equation 2.3 Where h=height above lower limit basin lift, H=height between upper limit and minimal basin lift, A=total/maximum basin country, Amin=minimum basin country, a=basin country lying below contour at tallness H, and ?=factor commanding the country below the hypsometric curve ( i.e. the volume of deposit in the basin ) , Figure 2.3. The parametric quantity ? is calculated utilizing curve adjustment, this can be used to depict the morphological province of the estuary. An estuary where ?=3.5-5.0, will be small in-filled and flood dominant, while an estuary where ?= 1.8-2.5 will be good in-filled and will be ebb dominant. Hence, this method may give some penetration into the future deposit tendencies within an estuary. Hypsometry can be merely observed by plotting x= a/A and y=h/H, where a= cross Sectional country at tallness H, A is the entire country of the basin and H the entire tallness of the basin. This consequences in a hypsometric curve leting the comparing of the signifiers of basins of different sizes and lifts.Moore et Al. , applied this method to the Dee estuary, normally categorised as inundation dominant. However, it was found that ?= 2.2 and so it could be exchanging making morphological equilibrium and perchance exchanging to an wane dominant stage. This could ensue in a lessening in accumulation a d possible erode in the hereafter.Tidal AsymmetryThe importance of asymmetric tidal rhythms in the conveyance and accretion of deposit in shallow estuaries is good established, . Flood dominant estuaries, have shorter continuance, higher speed inundation tides, and tend to infill channels with deposit. Whereas ebb dominant systems, have shorter, higher speed ebb tides, and tend to blush bed-load deposit seaward, . Flood laterality occurs when the combined effects of bottom clash and tidal fluctuation of the deep H2O is big, doing the moving ridge crest to travel more rapidly than the trough bring forthing a short continuance flood stage of the tide and more rapid inundation currents, . Ebb laterality occurs within estuaries basically by interactions between the deep channels and the shallow H2O countries, and the changing distribution of clash during the tide Aldridge illustrated that tidal dissymmetry throughout an estuary could be linked to sediment conveyance tracts and morphodynamics. It was besides demonstrated that although estuaries are frequently generalised as either inundation or wane dominant, fluctuations within the estuary may besides happen. Large countries of tidal flats and fens significantly alter the kineticss of an estuary, through frictional forces, sediment sinks and H2O storage. The influence of tidal dissymmetry on the residuary fluxes of coarse and all right deposit is different owing to different conveyance belongingss. The suspension burden of harsh deposit is strongly limited by current velocity and adapts to alterations in current velocity quickly. For all right deposit, impregnation of the suspended burden seldom occurs with most sediment deposition happening at merely really low current velocities with a subsiding clip hold which can be of import to sediment conveyance, . Dronkers distinguishes two types of channel geometry in irregularly molded estuaries ( 2.4 ) . Type 1 estuaries with shallow channels that lessening with depth landward and tidal flats below average sea degree. Type 2 estuaries with deep channels throughout and tidal flats above average sea degree. Where, in Type 1 estuaries the loose H2O period before wane will transcend the loose H2O period before inundation, therefore a residuary import of all right deposits is favoured. The opposite is true in instance 2. A natural feedback between these 2 signifiers of sediment accumulation and so eroding leads to a fluctuation of signifier around an equilibrium. The construct of estuarial equilibrium suggests that under a given set of hydrodynamic conditions an estuary will germinate to a stable equilibrium morphology.However, it is improbable that a to the full stable estuary can be as external forces moving on the estuary are non unvarying over clip, such as human intervention, tides and moving ridges. Dronkers develops the dissymmetry ratio, shown in Equation 2.4. Equation 2.4 Where: H = the mean deepness of the channel or the average hydraulic deepness given by, h=a+Vlw/Slw, a = the tidal amplitude, Slw = the surface country at low H2O, Shw = the surface country at high H2O and Vhw and Vlw, the volumes at high and low H2O. A value of ? equal to 1 suggests a unvarying tide, with values & A ; gt ; 1 bespeaking inundation laterality and & A ; lt ; 1 bespeaking ebb laterality. This equation was applied by Townend to 155 estuaries across the UK, a big sum of spread was noted in the consequences, potentially as a effect of informations quality, nevertheless at a casual degree a big figure of UK estuaries were observed to be ebb dominant. An alternate attack to look into tidal dissymmetry is given by Freidrichs and Aubrey. It was found, in shallow estuaries of the US Atlantic seashore, that the magnitude of the ratio tidal amplitude and hydraulic deepness can bespeak overall tidal dissymmetry. For little a/h values ( & A ; lt ; 0.2 ) estuaries tend to be ebb-dominant, irrespective of the extent of the tidal flats or fens. Equally for big a/h values ( & A ; gt ; 0.3 ) estuaries tend to be flood dominant. However, a/h is frequently most applicable to deluge dominant systems and the parametric quantity derived from the ratio between the intertidal storage in flats and fens and volume of channels at average sea degree is largely responsible for asymmetric tides in ebb dominant estuaries. Where a/h does non mean either inundation or wane laterality If 0.2 & A ; gt ; a/h & A ; lt ; 0.3 so Vs/Vc can be used as a comparative index between different estuaries. Townend noted that this method may non be applicable to some of the extended UK estuaries with big tidal scopes. However, it may be more applicable to an estuary such as Poole, which is microtidal. Other tidal dissymmetry relationships, including dissymmetry that arises as a consequence of the deformation of the tidal moving ridge through frictional affects, are discussed by Freidrichs and Aubrey, Wang et Al, . This can be related to alterations in the comparative stage and amplitude of the M4 and M2 tidal components. A direct measuring of non-linear deformation and hence the magnitude of the dissymmetry are calculated as the M4 and M2 amplitude ratio ( M4Amp/M2Amp ) . A ratio of 0 indicates a wholly undistorted tide and a ratio & A ; gt ; 0.01 indicates important deformation of the tidal moving ridge. Second, the way of the dissymmetry ( inundation or wane ) can be defined by ciphering the stage of M4 relative to M2 ( 2M2phase-M4phase ) . Where a comparative stage between 0 & A ; deg ; and 180 & A ; deg ; indicates that the continuance of the ebb tide is longer than the continuance of the inundation tide, as the same volume of H2O flows in and out of the estuary during both the wane and the inundation tidal phase the flow rate will be greatest and hence the tide will be flood dominant. Other values of comparative stage indicate that the continuance of the ebb tide is shorter than the continuance of the inundation tide and hence the tide can be considered ebb dominant, . Pethick describes tidal dissymmetry in footings of tidal moving ridge patterned advance within an estuary. When estuaries are broad and deep and the average deepness is significantly greater at high tide than at low tide, the tidal moving ridge patterned advance is more rapid at high H2O than low. Hence an asymmetric moving ridge, giving a inundation dominant speed, ensuing in the estuary behaving as a deposit sink with net deposit input. Pethick ( 2004 ) suggests that as deposit continues the lift of the intertidal would increase and hence the average deepness of channel would diminish. Leading to a decrease in deposit rates and possibly even a reversal to short term eroding. The estuarial signifier would in this manner fluctuate around an equilibrium signifier. Therefore the ratio between average deepness at high H2O ( MDhw ) and average deepness at low H2O ( MDlw ) can bespeak tidal dissymmetry ( MDhw & A ; gt ; MDlw inundation dominant, MDhw & A ; lt ; MDlw ebb dominant ) . These dissymmetry computations and ratios are discussed further in Chapter 4, when applied in order to measure broad-scale dissymmetry of Poole Harbour.Estuarine ModelingIn order to foretell future estuary morphology, many techniques have been developed, runing from procedure based theoretical accounts ( bottom-up theoretical accounts ) to regime or systems attack theoretical accounts ( top-down theoretical accounts ) . A signifier of theoretical account that combines both of these techniques is called a intercrossed theoretical account.Procedure Based ModelsProcedure based ( bottom-up ) theoretical accounts aim to retroflex physical procedures by work outing a set of equations that describe H2O and sediment motion. The footing of procedure theoretical accounts is normally a hydrodynamic faculty that represents parametric quantities such as H2O degrees, discharges, currents, moving ridges, denseness currents and secondary circulation, this can so be coupled to a sediment conveyance a nd morphological theoretical account to foretell alterations to sedimentary procedures. Procedure based theoretical accounts are normally more suitable to short-run ( yearss to months ) anticipations of morphological alteration as over longer clip scales any anticipation mistakes will roll up and go amplified. Therefore the operation of a procedure based theoretical account requires a thorough apprehension of the estuaries behaviour, in both morphological and hydrodynamic footings. This enables the theoretical account to be calibrated and validated and thereby reduces the accretion of mistakes when doing long-run anticipations. Examples of procedure based theoretical accounts include Delft 3D, MIKE and TELEMAC. The TELEMAC procedure patterning system was developed ab initio at the Laborotoire National d'Hydraulique, a section of the research subdivision of Electricite de France ( Hervouet, 2000 ) . TELEMAC-2D provides the hydrokineticss: horizontal depth-averaged speeds and H2O deepness. Many physical phenomena are taken into history, such as clash, turbulency, air current speed, fluctuations of atmospheric force per unit area and astronomic tide-generating procedures. TELEMAC has been used for many different surveies, including modeling of cohesive deposit conveyance ( Le Normant et al. , 1998, Le Normant, 2000 ) patterning the hydrokineticss of river flow ( Corti and Pennati, 2000 ) patterning the flows within a dam interruption ( Le Normant et al. , 1998 ) and patterning tidal flows ( Kuang and Stansby, 2006 ) . A theoretical account of Poole Harbour utilizing TELEMAC has been developed by HR Wallingford and will be discussed further in Section 2.2.3.Regime ModelsGovernment or equilibrium theoretical accounts assume that the estuarine system is nearing a mark province of equilibrium therefore based on the dimensions and hydrokineticss within the estuary it is possible to foretell this hereafter equilibrium signifier of the estuary. A figure of intercrossed theoretical accounts that combine government ( or equilibrium ) theory with hydrokineticss have been developed so that the long-run prognostic capableness of government theoretical accounts are combined with a more elaborate description of the prevailing hydrokineticss. When utilizing a intercrossed government theoretical account it is common to specify the equilibrium or mark province of the estuary and so utilize a hydrodynamic theoretical account in a iterative procedure that continually adjusts conditions towards this defined morpholog ical province. An illustration of a government theoretical account that has been used to measure the critical rate of low-lying rise for estuaries, that triggers the loss of intertidal volume, is ASMITA ( Aggregated Scale Morphological Interaction between Inlets and Adjacent seashore ) , . It was foremost presented as a behaviour-based theoretical account and consists of a schematised tidal recess system with three chief morphological elements, ebb-tidal delta volume, channel volume and level volume. ( Kragtwijk et al, 2004 ) . These elements are described by one variable stand foring their morphological province A major premise is that under changeless hydrodynamic forcing each component tends towards a morphological equilibrium which can be defined as a map of hydrodynamic forcing and basin belongingss ( van Goor et al. , 2003 ) .Poole Harbour ModelsAs this survey aims to associate the distribution of saltmarsh to hydrokineticss, a procedure based theoretical account capable to retroflexing tidal speeds and H2O degrees at an appropriate declaration is required. Several theoretical accounts have been developed for Poole Harbour, including a TELEMAC 2D theoretical account by HR Wallingford and a hydrodynamic H2O quality theoretical account, developed to foretell H2O lifts, deepness averaged speed and pollutant concentrations both are procedure based theoretical accounts. The HR Wallingford TELEMAC theoretical account was used in this survey as it was considered to be the most up to day of the month and theoretical account end products were more easy integrated with the consequences of the saltmarsh alteration analysis.Poole Harbour TELEMAC Hydrodynamic theoretical accountWith permission from HR Wallingford and Poole Harbour Commissioners, the TELEMAC theoretical account for Poole Harbour was used for this survey. The TELEMAC theoretical account satisfies the demands of this research and can supply mean tidal flow vectors under present conditions bespeaking countries within the seaport that are flood and ebb dominant and possible correlativiti es with saltmarsh and mudflat eroding from the historic analysis. The underlying Sn mesh varies with truth throughout the Harbour, as the theoretical account was developed to look into possible effects of dredging in the chief channels, reported in, therefore it is these countries that have the highest declaration. However the theoretical account declaration will be sufficient to give penetration into hydrodynamic procedures in other countries of the Harbour besides, peculiarly the southern intertidal shore and Wareham Channel. The theoretical account was calibrated by HR Wallingford utilizing flow informations collected from current metres at 7 locations within Poole Harbour and 6 tidal diamonds, during the 11th and 12th March, 1990, tidal information was besides collected at this clip. However, these proof points were all positioned in the north-east of the Harbour adjacent to the chief channel, which was originally the focal point of the theoretical account.DrumheadSaltmarshes are present in many sheltered tidal environments throughout the universe and are designated under European jurisprudence in Europe, including the UK. Previous surveies of historical saltmarsh distribution have shown varied forms of eroding and accumulation. Despite the big sum of research depicting the relationship between estuarine morphology and hydrokineticss, small work exists associating these factors to saltmarsh distribution in a spacial context. The dominant hydrodynamic procedure in estuaries is normally tidal and this is normally expressed as a step of tidal dissymmetry with ebb dominant systems ensuing in eroding and inundation dominant systems taking to accumulation. As the morphology and hydrokineticss are linked, dissymmetry can be calculated from either morphological steps ( normally associating the comparative tallness and extent of intertidal countries and channels ) or direct measurings of tidal parametric quantities ( such as speed or components ) . A procedure based numerical theoretical account can be used to map the spacial distribution of hydrokineticss and therefore will be used to associate hydrodynamic procedures to saltmarsh alteration in Poole Harbour. As discussed in Chapter 1, a instance survey site was required in order to look into the links between saltmarsh alteration, hydrokineticss and estuarial morphology. Poole Harbour was chosen ( Appendix A ) and the undermentioned Chapter reviews the literature on its history and development and the surveies that have been antecedently conducted within Poole Harbour. Poole Harbour is a big tidal estuary situated on the south seashore of Britain ( Figure 3.1 ) with an intertidal country of 2050ha, . Although Poole Harbour has been studied at the local graduated table, it has ne'er been studied from a comprehensive systems attack. It was formed as a consequence of Holocene low-lying rise that inundated a system of river and vale watercourses. The geomorphology of the Harbour consequences from the combined effects of Marine and sub-aerial procedures on both intertidal zone and shoreline, the channel hydrokineticss, anthropogenetic alterations of the shoreline and channels, catchment hydrology impacting both the fresh water and deposit inputs and the spread and diminution of the saltmarshes, . The Harbour has a complex dendritic signifier with many feeders and some distinct bays. Holes Bay, on the northern side of the Harbour, is an about enclosed boggy northern arm, much affected over the old ages by land renewal and the spread and subsequent diminution of Spartina anglica. Since 1924 the intertidal country has been reduced from c.330 to less than 250 hour angle, chiefly due to reclamation along the E shore for port and urban development, . Holes Bay is lined by unreal sea walls, bowlder embankments and quays, as in much of the northern shore of the Harbour. In its natural province this would hold been a gradual passage from mudflat and saltmarsh through reedbeds and croping fen. East of Holes Bay, Lytchett Bay is well less modified by renewal and has by and large less boggy and nutrient-enriched deposits. The West shore which receives the outfall of the Sherbourne River in its Centre is lined by a series of low earthen embankments with extended reedbeds and forest. Chief rivers, the Frome and the Piddle, enter the Harbour from west to east and run out the chalklands of Dorset, with a catchment country transcending 70,000 hour angles along with two other minor rivers, the Sherford and the Corfe. Large countries of flood plain have been historically reclaimed within these environing river vales. In its Centre are five chief islands, Brownsea, Furzy, Green, Round and Long. Deep H2O channels within the Harbour are maintain ed by natural scour supplemented by dredging and are restricted, with some 80 % of the Harbour country comprising of inter-tidal, all right grained clay, sandflats and fens. The southern shore of the Harbour is made up of more pristine home grounds, with extended mudflats and saltmarsh that of course grade to crop, unrestricted in most countries by breakwaters or substructure. Poole Harbour is regionally of import in footings of Nature preservation, peculiarly with home ground and saltmarsh losingss happening nearby in the Western Solent. There is no 1 chief current menace but the combination of transportation, habitat loss, renewal, eroding and Phragmites colonisation seaward over the saltmarshes may ensue in a loss of home ground and biodiversity. The long term menace is that there is non adequate deposit come ining the system to maintain gait with low-lying rise, which would ensue in a loss of intertidal country, and in the long term submergence of the estuary. This will be exacerbated by dredging and development peculiarly along the northern shore where defense mechanisms prevent migration of home grounds. However along the South and west there may be sufficient adjustment infinite as there are no unreal barriers to migration and the countries are mostly managed for nature preservation intents.History and developmentHuman DevelopmentPoole Harbour has b een used for trade and piscaries since the Iron Age, with extended renewal of the Frome and Piddle flood plains in the mediaeval period. By the 13th century Poole was a comfortable commercial port, it developed further from the seventeenth to 19th centuries, booming on trade with Newfoundland. During the Second World War the Harbour was used intensively and was of import in the readying for the D-Day landings in 1944. From the mid-1950s, development continued with the building of a power station on the shore at Hamworthy, renewal and waterfront development. There are presently eight yacht nines and 10 boatyards every bit good as marinas attached to residential developments. Europe ‘s largest onshore oilfield lies beneath the Harbour with Wellss on Furzy Island and Goathorn Peninsula and the port has late been enlarged to suit larger cross channel ferries and roll-on roll-off cargo.Geological DevelopmentMelville and Freshney, and Royal Haskoning suggest that the bulk of surface deposits around Poole Harbour today originate from alluvial sedimentations laid down by the rivers feeding the Harbour and that beneath and within these sedimentations there are seams of crushed rock and peat. Edwards describes the stratigraphy at Arne saltmarshes, where 3 transects of 40 boreholes were taken. The pre-Holocene surface underlying the saltmarsh exhibits a stepped profile, in boreholes deeper than -1.1 m OD, organic-rich humefied radical peat sedimentations are widespread. Whereas in boreholes where the Bagshot beds ( bedrock ) occurs above this height the peat beds are absent. Edwards, describes a similar survey at Newton Bay in Poole Harbour, Here the boreholes indicate that the incline of the pre-Holocene surface is steeper than that at Arne but is similar in general signifier, with the Bagshot Beds inclining from +0.2m OD to -0.6m OD, where a measure occurs down to -1.0m OD, once more peat is observed in the boreholes where the Bagshot beds are beneath -1.0m OD. Edwards, besides uses a foraminiferal transportation map for average tidal degrees in combination with carbon 14 dated stuff to build a record of comparative sea degree alteration in Poole Harbour. The survey concludes that since the start of the Holocene there was a composite sequence of events dwelling of four stages of deposit and comparative sea degree alteration. Between ca. 4700 year BP and ca. 2400yr BP, mean tidal degrees appear to hold risen in Poole, deluging and continuing the sequence of peat sedimentations. Between ca. 2400yr BP and at least ca. 1200yr BP the rate of low-lying rise appears to diminish with average tidal degrees staying at or below -1.0m OD. During this clip deeper H2O deposits accumulated, with the stratigraphy interrupted by flaxen beds. Edwards, suggest that these flaxen sedimentations may propose an erosional stage, with the littorals derived from local drop eroding. However, May, implies that the sand beds do non needfully connote an erosional stage and that the deposition of such stuff would depend upon conveyance forms. Phases of greater moving ridge energy or displacements in wind way may besides bring forth countries of deposition besides changes in the geomorphology of the Harbour oral cavity could besides change depositional tendencies. Edwards suggests that as tidal degrees fell the Harbour oral cavity narrowed and therefore reduced the tidal prism, this would ensue in slower currents. Conversely, during a rise in tidal degrees after ca. 1200 year BP, the oral cavity may hold widened under the influence of enhanced current speeds, potentially doing a switch from wane to deluge dominant tides, ensuing in an inflow of flaxen deposits. After ca. 1200yr BP the information indicates a brief rise in average tidal degree, and by ca. 800yr BP the major stage of sand deposition has ceased with no other indicants for farther alterations in tidal degree until ca 400yr BP. The 4th stage described in Edwards, is the renewed comparative low-lying rise, with an evident rise in comparative sea-level between ca 400yr BP and 200 year BP, ensuing in marsh submerging. This is indicated by the terminal of organic lagoonal deposit and the beginning of minerogenic silt-clay.Hydraulic FeaturesWavesIn shallow parts, such as estuaries, wind-waves can hold an consequence on turbidness. However, this tends to change over the tidal rhythm as the fetch alterations due to the outgrowth and submerging of sand bars or mudflats and so the sum of moving ridge energy moving in an estuary can be strongly related to the signifier and morphology of the estuary. Increased wave action, peculiarly at the seaward border, has been suggested to lend to saltmarsh diminution. Surveies in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand have besides linked wave energy gradients with spacial differences in long-run Spartina growing. Wind informations collected at North Haven ( Figure 3.2 ) suggests that the dominant air current way for Poole Harbour is from the South-west with a smaller extremum from the north-east. For this peculiar twelvemonth south-westerly air currents dominated most of the twelvemonth with strong north-easterly air currents happening during the November to January period. Wind speeds seldom exceed 15m/s, with a maximal annual air current velocity of 49m/s. The fetch across Poole Harbour, peculiarly from sou'-west to nor'-east, is big plenty for important locally-produced wind-waves to happen, with 1:100 twelvemonth moving ridge conditions making a Hs of 1m and so wind way and velocity are potentially important to erosional procedures. The capableness for moving ridge extension within the Harbour is illustrated by the debasement of bluffs around the Harbour borders, as has historically been noted by May. There is no comprehensive survey into moving ridges in Poole Harbour. However, informations is available for site specific surveies. The moving ridge clime is dominated by deepness limited locally generated moving ridges as storm moving ridges do non perforate beyond the immediate country of the Harbour entryway due to diffraction and refraction effects, . Halcrow Maritime have modelled utmost moving ridge highs based on hind casting from local and regional air current informations, these vary from 0.5 to 1.2m for a 1 in 100 twelvemonth return, depending on location with regard to bring. North-eastern parts of the Harbour are the most energetic and are exposed to longer fetches from dominant south south-westerly winds/waves. It is likely moving ridges would hold driven some littorals from Poole Bay into the Harbour , . However, Royal Haskoning concluded that although moving ridge breakage has a important consequence on the currents in the ledgeman country, the flow government of the Harbour and attack channel is dominated by tidal action.TidesThe tides within Poole Harbour are extremely variable in form ( Figure 3.3 ) due to the propinquity of a local lower limit in the amplitude of the micro-tidal chief semi-diurnal tidal components in Poole Bay and the M2 pervert amphidromic point of the English Channel. Hence, the tidal government is characterised by a little dual high H2O consequence, with a average tidal scope of about 1.8m at springs and 0.6m at neaps ( nevertheless these values vary with location throughout the Harbour ) . Tidal degrees are above average H2O from about 2 hours after low to about 2 hours before the following low ( i.e. for about 8 hours per tidal rhythm ) . This is of ecological significance as it limits the handiness of mudflats as feeding evidences for of import wading bird populations, while conversely increases the eating clip for many filter feeding invertebrates populating in the mudflats which contribute to the diet of waders and besides supply local piscaries. This besides consequences in a comparatively hapless zonation of the flora, with a limited country between MHWN and HAT in which saltmarsh can colonize ( Figure 3.3 ) . Due to the dual high H2O within the Harbour, with the chief extremum followed by a lesser high H2O extremum, calculated average high H2O spring and average high H2O neaps are lower than would be expected, 0.8 and -0.8 m OD severally. There is a clip slowdown in the tide within the Harbour, which is most outstanding at low tide, the North Haven and Ro-Ro tide gages are shown on Figure 3.1. In the context of the Harbour they are comparatively close to one another, a more marked clip slowdown would be expected between the Harbour oral cavity and western countries within the Wareham Channel. The average tidal scope at the Harbour entryway for 2007 was 1.5m and 1.12m at the Ro-Ro ferry terminus ( Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, pers. comms. ) . However, the maximal scope can be much larger and besides varies throughout the Seaport with up to 2.2m recorded at the Ro-Ro ferry terminus ( Poole Harbour Commissioners, pers. comms. ) , 1.2m at Arne peninsula and 1.6m at Newtown Bay, . The wane tidal watercourse at the Harbour entryway has been recorded as holding higher speeds than those of inundation, with max velocities of around 2m/s ( SCOPAC, 2004 ) . Characteristic speeds in the chief channel are 0.5m/s ( SCOPAC, 2004 ) , bespeaking ebb laterality from these Figures.Low-lying Rise and SurgesAverage low-lying tendencies for the English Channel over the twentieth Century have been calculated between 0.8 and 2.3 mm/yr, with the tendency at nearest Stationss of Southampton and Weymouth ( 3.1 ) of 1.30 Â ± 0.18 mm/yr and 1.81 Â ± 0.28 mm/yr, severally. This part is dominated by rushs generated from depressions in the western English Channel approaches. Surges recorded in Southampton H2O can make degrees of 1.5m, and within the English Channel positive rushs tend to happen more often and are of greater amplitude than negative rushs, . The maximal H2O degrees experienced tend to match with moderate instead than extreme rush degrees. However, this tendency is non as evident at Poole due to the smaller tidal scope ( Haigh, et al. , 2004 ) . With a low tidal scope the rush can besides potentially play proportionately greater function in act uponing utmost H2O degrees, . Due to its microtidal government this besides suggests that the estuary, within a UK context, will be limited in its ability to set with low-lying rise and is vulnerable to future alterations ( californium ( Nicholls et al.,1999 ) ) . The long term menace is that there is non adequate deposit come ining the system to maintain gait with low-lying rise, which would ensue in a loss of intertidal country, and in the long term submerging of the estuary. This will be exacerbated by development peculiarly along the northern shore where defense mechanisms prevent migration of home grounds. However, along the southern shore there may be accommodation infinite for this migration.Sediment BudgetThe geomorphology and deposit of Poole Harbour is ill described within the literature. However, localized surveies have been conducted, with focal point on the accretion and release of deposits associated with the spread and dieback of Spartina anglica and the deposit and dredging of the chief navigable channels. May set about a study of Poole Harbour to measure the manner in which shoreline alterations have taken topographic point, concentrating peculiarly on Holes Bay. In this survey it was attempted to animate the shoreline at the terminal of the last marine evildoing ( 6,000 old ages BP ) , Figure 3.4. this was besides illustrated in Halcrow ( 1998 ) . Since that day of the month, it was concluded that alteration has chiefly taken the signifier of ; Deposition of deposit Cliff eroding Build-up of fen as a consequence of flora growing on mudflats ( e.g. Spartina ) Human intervention, including the building of breakwaters and embankments, dumping of town waste and renewal of fen The possible beginnings of deposit to the Harbour were assessed as from offshore, cliff eroding, saltmarsh eroding, beach eroding, channel eroding, and river flows, . Of these the offshore beginning has been identified as the most important beginning of flaxen stuff, although this has non been quantified. Neither cliff eroding, beach eroding, channel eroding nor river flows have been considered to supply important sums of deposit to the system and therefore the system is considered a closed or near-closed system with respects to all right deposits. From bathymetric surveies calculated the net loss of all right deposit from Poole Harbour being between 56,000 and 76,000 m3/year, the deposit was non specified as being sand or silt/clay. This was derived utilizing the best available informations in each country and chart analysis for the old ages 1984 and 2003. This survey concluded that loosely talking the intertidal mudflat country is remaining about changeless, with the beginning of t he deposit is preponderantly from the saltmarshes.Poole BaySurveies of sand mobility at the Harbour entryway indicate an un-quantified potency for inward conveyance during combinations of storm moving ridge and inundation tide conditions. The presence of sand and crushed rock inundation tidal deltas instantly inside the entryway together with flaxen deposits covering the Harbour bed in the locality of the entryway verify the happening of this procedure, . By and large the Harbour bed comprises flaxen stuff around the swash channel at the entryway and in the eastern portion of the in-between ship channel, farther in towards the port the bed deposits contain an increasing proportion of all right deposit, . Royal Haskoning reported observations under stormy conditions demoing extremum suspended concentrations of up to 600mg/l, these concentrations were considered the consequence of eroding due to locally generated wind-waves. Datas collected by the EA indicated that suspended sediment concentrations were of the order of 10mg/l or less, with background degrees in brook with intertidal countries being in the order of 50mg/l, .Fluvial BeginningsTwo major rivers flow into Poole Harbour, the Frome and Piddle, along with two smaller 1s ( Sherford and Corfe ) , there are besides a figure of l